Is the Port Authority Helping or Getting in the Way? Essay

The debate continues in Cleveland over the best use of our lakefront. For almost two centuries the lakefront in Cleveland has been mostly industry. Here, like in other cities, we want recreational access to the lakefront. The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority plays a major role in increasing recreational opportunities in downtown Cleveland in two ways: first, it owns a good part of the lakefront (the number one source of land for recreation.); and second, it occupies much of its own land or leases it for industrial purposes. So, therefore, the port authority is one of the major players in the decision of where and how to put recreation along the lakefront. As with anything it is important to understand the past before we can understand the present. I have found a time line dating to 1818 that documents this history. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1818: The first steamboat on Lake Erie arrived in Cleveland. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1828: To improve shipping between the Great Lakes and the Ohio & Erie Canal, a new shipping channel – the current mouth of the Cuyahoga River – was cut to allow the river to flow directly into Lake Erie. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1849: A pier was built at the foot of Water Street (West 9th Street). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1851: The Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad opened the first Cleveland depot on the lakefront at West 9th Street. By 1853, railroads constructed six piers east of the Cuyahoga River. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1852: The first shipment of ore for smelting iron arrived in Cleveland from Marquette. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1870s: Construction of a breakwater began in the 1870s to protect Cleveland’s harbor area. The United States Congress authorized funds for breakwater construction in 1875, 1886, 1896 and 1902. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1912: The New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio Railroad opened an ore dock on fill placed along the lakefront on the north side of Whiskey Island to handle iron ore for Cleveland’s flourishing steel industry. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1913: The East 9th Street pier opened to provide passenger ferry service between Cleveland and Detroit and Buffalo. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1940: The United States Coast Guard Station opened on the eastern end of Whiskey Island at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1959: The St. Lawrence Seaway opened providing access between Great Lakes Ports, including Cleveland, and international markets. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1968: The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority was established to operate Cleveland’s publicly owned lakefront docks. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1970s: The Port Authority purchased land from several entities between the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and West 3rd Street in anticipation of the construction of an ore dock for Republic Steel that ultimately was built in Lorain. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1978: The Port Authority received Foreign Trade Zone designation for part of Dock 20. This federal designation now extends to the entire dock area. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1986: The State of Ohio and the City of Cleveland began construction of a seven acre inner harbor between Dock 32 and East 9th Street. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1998: The Port Authority purchased the ore dock on Whiskey Island from Conrail to ensure the continued availability of ore deliveries at the lowest costs for local steel making operations.1 As you can see our port has a deep rooted history in our community and in our economy. Also, our port has some special features; for instance we have deep water docks allowing us to have large freighters come into our port. Additionally, our port is a destination port in that most of the goods that come in through the port are going somewhere within fifty miles of the dock. Lastly, our Cleveland Bulk Terminal (CBT)2 is amazing in that it has 1850 linear feet of dock with a loop track for ship to rail distribution. A couple of years ago the company removed the giant and obsolete huletts that used to unload the ships into trains, relying now on self-unloading equipment on ships. Trucks are not used because there is no haul road. This summer Oglebay Norton is hoping to bring the automatic loading equipment from the Lorain Pellet Terminal to enable easier re-loading of ships for International Steel Group. Through all of the current turmoil about the port it has been trying to exonerate it’s self and improve its image. The dispute has brought up two alternatives for the port; one is to leave the port as it is and make Whisky Island into a park; the second is to put the section of the port on the east bank of the river on Whisky Island and make the east bank area a park. Both are controversial as there are the Friends of Whisky Island who want the Island to become a park; while the port wants to just exist downtown. Some people believe that the port should go away all together. They don’t realize that the ships bring goods from overseas, and those goods come into the city’s factories, which either package them or make other products from them. Then, the factories ship the products out to be sold, thus, promoting trade and economic growth in the city of Cleveland and the whole country. As I mentioned before, the port is just striving to exist in downtown Cleveland. This is because of the deep water docks I also mentioned earlier the deep water docks are unique on the great lakes and very important to our economy. If the port were to be moved very far from its current locale there could be great expense taken to dredge a new location in an attempt to recreate deep water docks. In the current debate NOACA is the main intermediary; NOACA has set up a team of four city planners, one of which is from the city planning commission and three outside counsels, who have been holding meetings in different neighborhoods that might be affected and are taking in ideas. Many people like the idea to move the port to the west bank and free up land on the east, although it is unlikely. Thus, I can safely conclude, that the port is one of the biggest players in what will happen to our lakefront. It can either move or stay put. Although, it just wants to continue to exist and are continuously embellishing their own cause to make people think they are important. They are really important to recreation and our economy because they own the land and promote trade and economic growth. The port is a necessity and here to stay. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.citizensvision.org/friends-wi/plans/portplan.htm; â€Å"Port Authority Master Plan†; http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/lakefront/; â€Å"Lakefront Plan†; http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/ports/portofcleveland.html; â€Å"Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System: Port of Cleveland†; Ehle, Jay C., William D. Ellis, Nancy A. Schneider; Cleveland’s Harbor: The Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority; Kent, Ohio and London, England; The Kent State University Press; (c)1996 1 http://urban.csuohio.edu/forum/waterways/portactivites/index.htm 2 The Cleveland Bulk Terminal is operated by Oglebay Norton Terminals Inc.; a division of the Oglebay Norton Company.

Korean Wave (Hallyu) in China

â€Å"Korean wave (Hallyu) was coined in China in mid-1999 by Beijing journalists surprised by the fast growing popularity of South Koreans and South Korean goods in China. † However, the phenomenon of Korean wave flows into East Asia especially China during the early twenty-first century. Korean wave covers the craze for South Korean music, TV dramas, pop stars, but also for fashion styles, cosmetics and electronics. There are many reasons causing Korean wave being a popular mass culture in China. Korean wave spread so successful because of the Confucian themes that East Asian cultures are more familiar with, typically dealing with traditional issues such as family, love, and filial piety. China in particular share a similar history with Korea. Furthermore, Korean government propagates their modernization Korean wave through media power. Extensively promoting Korean culture transnational makes it another reason Chinese suddenly start engaging in Korean cultures. As two countries both strongly pay attention to the international culture exchange, people are more likely try to understand and accept it. The effect Korean wave has made on Chinese people is enormous. Daily life like watching dramas becomes popular and the story lines are discussed among youths and housewives. Due to the drama contains everything like music, fashion styles, pop stars and foods. Chinese people start imitating both the way of dressing, make-up putting. Korean restaurants also sprang up quickly like mushrooms. Korean language is also being chosen as students’ third language in order to understand more about the culture. Chinese start travelling to the filming location in Korea so as to enjoy Korean wave natively and it also helps Korean to obtaining another way of economy profit making. Korean traditional ethnics and education view also influenced Chinese people’s life in many ways. Despite those advantages, Korean wave does challenge the Chinese its own culture. Less attention is paid on Chinese its own entertainment industry. As teenagers are the main target audiences under the Korean wave, their world outlook and life values are influenced by it. Korean wave might limits their minds and stop themselves up on the surface. There are two reasons which cause the emergence of Korean wave being widely accepted in China. Firstly and the most important reason is that both Korea and China share a similar history background. Those two countries have had a long historical relationship and both of them are influenced by the spirit of Confucianism. The similar social structure, etiquette and philosophy make Korean wave more acceptable in East Asian countries especially China rather than western countries. Due to globalizations’ rapidly expanding, Chinese people are no longer being confined to American pop culture. However choosing the one which they think is more understandable. Furthermore, the ideology of Confucianism plays an important role in both old days China until now. However, the Chinese Culture Revolution in 1966 has extensively and perniciously damaged the culture understanding which cause the lacking of Confucius value nowadays. Lots of Chinese people can easily trace their traditional values like loyalty, filial piety, benevolence by looking at the Korean drama as those dramas always emphasis on the family relationship and ethnics. Korean dramas are favored because of their richness traditional values which gives a good example showing China how to manage the Confucius value in modern society. It offers both a nostalgic reminder of what has been lost during modernization and an example of an Asian country that has modernized and has retained its traditions. Secondly, since media becomes the global popular culture communicating tool, Chinese people observed that Korean wave is actually a new inspirable culture that they had never experienced before. Depending on the age, interests and values of the spectators, different types of Hallyu have been propagated to different target audiences. Due to the Chinese harsh education system, youths would more likely to accept the new culture with plenty of vigor. Those good-looking pop singer, actor and actress represent the Korean type beauty which is attractive and scintillating. Through both television and internet, young people and women in particular have passion in pursuing their dreaming celebrities and even imitating their way of dressing. Although Korean drama does not have spectacular scene like what Hollywood prefers to have, oppositely the exquisite scene in film and the beautiful actors in drama give people a difference feeling. The Korean public broadcaster KBS has aired its satellite channel â€Å"KBS world† in China for both Korean and foreigners in 2007. KBS hopes their new service can boost Korean wave in China with a population of 1. 3 billion. Moreover, media production is promoted by national policy. Korean government continuously support and promote Korean wave to the whole world by improving their production techniques. The range of implementation of Korean wave expands rapidly as the exposure rate of the word Hallyu increases. Chinese people start to chase the new phenomenon due to the promoting of media. Since the phenomenon of Korean wave flows in to China during the early twenty-first century. The effects that Hallyu has been made largely influenced Chinese people’s daily life, knowledge learning and also largely challenged the development of Chinese its own culture. As TV drama was the first Korean wave imported into China. Watching Korean drama in China is as popular as having Kimchi everyday in Korea. Housewives become the typical group who sit in front of the television and so as youths. The synopsis has been widely discussed at people’s leisure which occupies a large time on their daily life. The successful promoting of Korean dramas is evidenced by the fact that they are now becoming part of the everyday program among different Chinese local television broadcasters. Furthermore even having Korean food, so often appeared in Korean dramas, has become a new fad among Chinese. Thus, Koreans in China and local Chinese people take this as an advantage. So Korean style restaurants sprang up like mushrooms in China especially in big city like Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen. A report in the International Herald Tribune noted that â€Å"South Koreans are only just starting to realize that food can be just as profitable an export as semiconductors. † Dae Jang Geum is the drama which well talks about one girl’s life in the royal court within the traditional Korean culture, royal cuisine and traditional medicine being mentioned as theme. After the drama was exported into China and was very well received. Many restaurants named Dae Jang Geum and attracted consumers by putting Royal court cuisine as their shop sign. Also cited was the new appetite for Korean food in China where â€Å"Korean court cuisine has become immensely popular and sales of hanbok (traditional Korean clothing) and traditional herbal medicine have skyrocketed† Korean food suddenly becomes the most popular cuisine among China. Learning and emulating become another significance effects which putted on Chinese people. Stars of such dramas and pop singers have emerged as Korean popular idols among Chinese teenagers. Regional music channel like Channel V in China featured Korean pop music videos which created so many K-POP fans. They vie with each other in imitating their fashion, hairstyle and also make-up. Even more dramatically, some Chinese women ask plastic surgeons changing their face into the celebrity who they like because of the advanced plastic surgeon technology in Korea. As drama Winter Sonata was played on TV, the main actor- Bae Yong Jun’s fashion style was commonly being imitating among male teenagers. The gentle refined glasses with the special carrying scarf dominated the fashion style during that time. Those style dresses were easily seen on the street. Since people are more curious about Korean culture, study Korean language so as to better understands the meaning of the pop songs and dramas. More students take Korean as their third language after Korean wave has coming into China. Furthermore, Chinese see Korean as a good opportunity having and organizing travel tour. Apart from the well-known destination like Seoul, Seoraksan National Park and Andong, the resort island of Namiseom where Winter Sonata filming took place on turned into a famous travel destination for foreigners. People have desires to see and to feel the beautiful scene by their own eyes. Korean wave offers an opportunity for Chinese to experience the Korean culture and Korean wave also offers Korean itself having the opportunity to show their success in transnational culture delivery. The economy benefits Korea obtained from Korean wave are also enormous. Apart from those stunning things Chinese see from Korean wave, it also challenges Chinese people’s thinking, way of living and its own culture maintenance. The strong propagating of etiquettes and ethnics toward different generation among the entire country from Korean dramas and TV programs provokes Korean’s traditional Confucius ideology. That is the part of important culture which Chinese is losing little by little. Korean wave is not only propagating its popular fashion things but also propagating their social values and life styles. As reported â€Å"Chinese people yearn and dream for a bright life by watching Korean dramas. † People have desire to yearn for the lost ‘love’ in the rapidly growing society. Korean typical love story lines give them any opportunity to escape from the reality and believe that love and beautiful things will always beat evil or malignant behavior. The social values which have been communicated through the drama eep reminding Chinese never throwing away the traditions to modernize the country. Nevertheless, there are also some disadvantages Korean waves deeply influenced China and Chinese people especially youths. Firstly Chinese its own entertainment industry is challenged by the transnational power from Korea. As Korean dramas and K-POP came into China, they have tak en almost eighty percent of teenagers’ audiences concentrating on foreigner culture but forgetting the Chinese native entertainment culture. Secondly, there is a need for greater diversity and choice in education for teenagers. As Chinese people are not growing up in Korea and could not experience the life in real Korea. Misunderstandings will definitely being transferred from one country to another. Teenagers accept the surface of the Korean wave through the most visualized media tool like magazines and televisions. Without parents and the society’s rational guide, teenagers will hard to get a thorough understanding about the culture diversity of the whole world. There are complex reasons for the emergence of the Korean wave suddenly catches Chinese people’s attention. For the great esteem people express for high-quality popular culture goods such as TV dramas, music, fashion-style and even cuisines. It is hard to predict the future for Korean wave whether it will fad or continue shining, however, the transnational culture it has been propagated made a remarkable job already. The extensively effects what Korean wave has made did impact on China and Chinese people’s everyday life. Not only up on the surface such as aesthetic standard, entertainment ways, appetite but also the ethnics on family value, loyalty, filial piety and the inviolability of tradition. The Confucianism ideology connects Korea and China which challenged Chinese people’s thinking. In the mean time, since both of them share the similar culture background, Korean wave is easier to be accepted. Balancing Korean wave with Chinese native culture, Chinese people are also concerning about the invasion of Korean wave. Youths are mostly questioned about their future growth depending on other country’s culture. The transnational culture communications bring disadvantages as well. Reference and bibliography Beng Huat Chua, KI 2008, East Asian pop culture: analysing the Korean wave , Hong kong University press. Cai, J 2008, ‘China's first taste of the Korean wave', Korea. net news, 11 august 2008. Doo-hyong, H 2004, ‘ S. Korean Plastic Surgeons Ride ‘Korean Wave' Into China', Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies, 30 May 2004. koichi, I 2002, From Western Gaze to Global Gaze, New York, London:Routledge, Diana Crrane eds. Mori, Y 2008, East Asian pop culture : analysing the Korean wave / Chapter 6 â€Å"Winter sonata† and cultural practices of active fans in Japan, Hong Kong University Press. Onishi, N 2006, ‘A rising Korean wave: If Seoul sells it, China craves it', The New York Times Seo, JDAY 2004, ‘Korea as the wave of a future:', Journal of Futures Studies, August 2004, pp. pp. 31-44. Shim, D 2006, Hybridity and the rise of Korean popular culture in Asia, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE. The public broadcaster KBS 2007 , ‘South Korean satellite TV to get foothold in China', BBC Monitoring Media, 26 august 2007. Zi, C 2005, ‘KOREAN WAVE IN CHINA', China Daily, 3 december 2005.

The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ritz-Carlton, Philadelphia - Assignment Example The hotel has a strong brand across the globe, which in turn attracts a wide population from diverse regions. It commands a towering appreciation to many who find it as the perfect overnight destination for traveling and business needs. It has a competitive advantage of being located in city center of Philadelphia, which in turn attracts many consumers within the city. Still, the hotel offers exceptional services that range from the spa, valet, and self-parking, kids club, disability accessible facilities, jogging path, sauna, meeting and wedding venues to the whirlpool. The hotel has a twenty-four business center that increases the number of clients visiting on a daily basis. Lastly, the furnishings are modern and stylish with rooms that are spotlessly clean, and the hotel offers delicious meals that express cultural diversity. For that, many identify themselves with different meals served. Despite the above-mentioned strengths, the hotel has the following weaknesses. The hotel is high in prices, which hinders many with low income. Still, the restaurant does not have transportation shuttle to the airport to transport guests from certain locations that are far from the city center of Philadelphia. In future, the hotel should have a special shuttle to attract many clients from other locations far from the Ritz-Carlton. Ritz-Carlton has tremendous opportunities of being located close to the shopping center, which in future may attract expansion and growth. Still, it is located in the city center near bus stations, thus creating more opportunities for meeting rooms and core programs. The hotel has a growth potential of having an online website and booking, which in turn promotes marketing strategy that attracts a wide population across the globe.

Human Trafficking Online Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Trafficking Online - Essay Example The paper therefore, tries to examine the relevant laws that exist in the United States to curb the menace, various innovations that encourage the growth of human trafficking online, the role of social networking sites and development of technology such as computers that has motivated the felony. Due to the rise of the online trafficking, the United States has developed anti-trafficking laws under the trafficking victims protection act (TVPA). The laws have since been reviewed for almost four times in the last decade. They are known as the 3P and using this approach, the TVPA provides that; the perpetrators of the human trafficking online be prosecuted in persons through establishments of crimes and listing them in person (Marcus, & Snajdr, 2013). The legislation tends to make it hard for those individuals who carry the act and are meant to be aware that each person bears his/her burden. Second, the legislation has created a bill of right that provides protection to the victims of online trafficking that includes but not limited to access to information, medical care, and resistance. (Reichert, 2013).Finally, the law provides for programs and grants that increase the general public awareness regarding online trafficking. Knowledge contains information that includes preventiv e measures and possibility of the act occurring. The citizens are hence taught how to develop protective means that reduce human online trafficking. For instance the government encourages the young adults to share information with whom they know rather than strangers they meet in different websites. The emergence of technology has provided a new and common platform where the crime of human trafficking online is carried out. Previous crimes were easily detected as it involved physical interaction between the population and the offenders (Snajdr, 2013). But since the development of technology, human trafficking has developed new ways to the management and control as it is majorly done

How to control and manage hospital acquired infection in a mental Essay

How to control and manage hospital acquired infection in a mental health setting - Essay Example Those who recuperate from surgical wounds and have indwelling equipments such as catheters and intubation tubes, also have a higher chance of developing nosocomial infections if not handled properly. Nosocomial infections are hard to treat, because the frequent use of different antimicrobials in the mental facility over time has resulted to development of resistance. The mentally ill patients present with symptoms such as low blood pressure, chills, fever, and even mental confusion depending on the etiology (Shaw, 2011: 56). Nurses working in a mental health facility face many challenges when treating patients. In some cases, because of the poor mental state or poor cognitive ability of the patient, the nurses usually get a hard time when treating them. Some patients are uncooperative and violent and pose a huge challenge to the nurses attending them. If such patients have wounds then treating such wounds becomes a huge problem and the likelihood of occurrence of nosocomial infections is high. If such patients have fall related fractures or chronic diseases, then the combination of such with the mental state of the patient, contributes significantly to a lowered immunity of the patient and the nosocomial infections get a chance to thrive. This presents the nurses with a huge responsibility because they have to deal with three factors which are treating the first disease, handling the mental state of the patient, and treating the nosocomial infection (Beckwith, 2011: 80). Another challenge facing nurses in such a facility is resistance of drugs and the lowered immunity of the patients. The immune-compromised patients do not recover quickly, because the already low immunity finds it hard to fight infections. The continual use of drugs to control such infections makes the immunity more weakened, and development of drug resistance by the causative pathogens complicates the whole situation. Microorganisms become more troublesome

Travel industry in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Travel industry in Europe - Essay Example This essay tells that the popularity of British Airways was since the year 1974 after the combination of British overseas airways corporation and the British European Airways Corporation. Since its formation it has been one of the primary airlines in UK and Europe. Since its inception it has been the largest airline based on the fleet size and in respect of the number of passengers in UK as well. It serves a massive number of 150 destinations. The organization has been able to perform consistently over the years and has been one of the major profit making organizations in the airline industry. The operational excellence of the British airways can be linked to the fact that it has successfully implemented the 24 hour IT system. Besides this it has gained significant achievement within its community, market place and workplace. Other than being the largest airline in Britain it has contributed significantly in donations and has devised proper training strategies for noise reductions in the flights. British airways have also developed a lot with respect to the infrastructure. The new terminal 5 has been delivering fantastic service for the airlines and has benefitted the passengers as well. The overall organizational efficiency gained by the organization can be contributed to variety of factors. The general study in management reflects that there are various factors which lead to the operational efficiency of an organization.... Besides this it has gained significant achievement within its community, market place and workplace. Other than being the largest airline in Britain it has contributed significantly in donations and has devised proper training strategies for noise reductions in the flights. British airways have also developed a lot with respect to the infrastructure. The new terminal 5 has been delivering fantastic service for the airlines and has benefitted the passengers as well. (Overview – achievements, n. d) The overall organizational efficiency gained by the organization can be contributed to variety of factors. The general study in management reflects that there are various factors which lead to the operational efficiency of an organization. Research studies reflect that the prime factors leading to operational effectiveness are organization culture, organization operation, and organizational leadership. The paper analyzes each of the above mentioned factors with respect to the British airways. Leadership: The theory of leadership deals with managing a team of people for attaining a common set of goals. In British airways the organization opts for various leadership development programs. The leadership development program focuses on various issues like leaders will skill and commitment. The leaders will helps to identify the willingness of the leader to deliver according to reach the business benefits. The skill assessment measures the current level of skill the leader’s posses and the styles adopted by them to make it an effective learning process. Management ways of the organization emphasizes upon the manager’s response to obeying of

Management of Continuous Programmer Education within the Irish Research Paper

Management of Continuous Programmer Education within the Irish Software Industry - Research Paper Example The Software Company who has a lot of competency in its roster is more likely to attract more diverse clients. However, the expense of sending people to expand their knowledge and skills is also expensive since it will require un-billable hours from the employee plus the cost of his education. It is also easier to hire knowledge and experience than to train and suffer the consequence of a learning curve. These conflicting schools of thought are valid issues that need to be addressed by a company that wants to be at the fore front of the industry. It should be noted that every six months, new technologies are introduced in the market, coupled with the new technology is the fact that more and more industry are being automated with it is the geometric expansion of potential clientele translating to new revenue streams. Expertise on the new technology, expertise on the new industry is an advantage that can easily be obtained by hiring or educating the employees on the new trend. This dis sertation aims to resolve the issues mentioned earlier by providing a viable strategy that will work both for the company and the employees while settling the issue of attrition. Contents Abstract 2 Contents 3 Introduction 4 Objective of the Research 5 Methodology 6 Qualitative Data 6 Quantitative Data 7 Data Collection Instrument 7 Review of Related Materials 7 Bibliography 14 Introduction Attrition cannot be helped most especially in the information technology industry where new technology is introduced every six months. As more industries are being introduced to the information age more knowledge in these industries through education in the context of information systems is required from the programmers. This is to ensure that the processes inherent to the industry is translated and made operational using the computer systems. While new industries are breaking into the automation and information age, new technology also emerges. The widespread use of the latest technology also br ings with it new programming techniques or function calls that capitalizes on the new power of the new technology. Programmers in order to remain competitive should be updated in the latest programming languages, techniques, and technology. It is imperative therefore to ensure that the programmers are not only well versed with the new trends in technology they should also be updated on the latest way of integrating the new technology to their work or project. However, the fragile industry has to contend with its own problem, as new skills are acquired the attrition also increases. Through the use of surveys, this paper shall investigate the various techniques being employed by several software companies in order to balance their need to educate their technical employees and the need to recoup the investment made in training and educating these employees by the company. This paper shall try to improve and provide new techniques to augment what has been learned or at the very least co mbine the best practice in order to maximize what has been learned from the companies surveyed. To validate the result of the survey and the knowledge learned from the company that could be used as basis in formulating the best practice. Other important information should first be established. It is imperative to know if there is a real need from the company to train or educate their employees. It is equally important to know if the employee is given a choice on the type of training/education he would be taking up.

Joh Stuart and Women Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joh Stuart and Women Rights - Essay Example The main base of this article is that women are subjugated in every aspect of their lives, and so a kind of legal subjugation is being followed. He wanted the society to avoid this subjugation and provide equal rights to the women, on the lines of the men’s living. Among the many women’s rights related things for which, Mill campaigned, he gave specific focus on women's suffrage rights to case vote in any election, and importantly the need to provide the women the complete access to education. At that time, voting and education remained as a privilege only among the men, with women’s role restricted inside homes. While the suffrage rights for the women came about after carrying out various campaigns throughout Great Britain, educational rights were started to be given in course of time. Apart from these two key issues, Mill focused on how marriage also suppressed the women from expressing their both personal and professional interests. That is, women in his time, once they got married were restricted to doing household chores and taking care of the children inside their homes, without major social roles in the outside. This he thought was a major discrimination against the women. Like how the men perform their allocated tasks in their professional setting, and then have a social life in the outside, women should also be given opportunities to participate in social life, as a kind of relaxation for their daily household chores. He further states that management of the household is not an easy task, and is equal or even tougher than the work being carried out by men in professional settings, and so relaxing opportunities need to be created for them. Thus, the article â€Å"The Subjection of Women† can be viewed as one of the enduring defenses of gender equality, with Mill providing various perspective of how women should be treated in the British society. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain The industrial revolution is the term give n to the heightened activity that was witnessed in various industries in the Great Britain in the 19th century. New technologies were developed in that period, and majority of them had applications in the various industrial sectors. One among them is the steam engine, invention and development of which provided power or energy for many industries to operate. Importantly, Great Britain’s foreign policy strategy of colonialism or imperialism also provided the impetus for the industrial revolution to run. That is, UK and all the major European countries from the initial years of 1500’s, after Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India, moved in large numbers to develop trade relations with many Asian and African countries. However, this trade turned into imperialist leanings due to the weakness of these countries. After defeating the native rulers and crushing any resistance, European countries particularly Great Britain were able to rule them. The ruling by Great Britain does not stop with administration; it went to exploitation of resources, both natural and human. All these countries had plentiful natural resources like iron, gold, cotton, etc, all of which were used as the raw materials for the industries in Great Britain. That is, with the industrial revolution happening side by side with imperialism, the industries of Great Britain were

Revolutions in the West Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Revolutions in the West - Assignment Example With reference to Singer’s views, this paper aims to critically analyze and give views as to what can be termed ethical and justified with regard to such questions. In the process of establishing whether we should give aid or not to the poor, some people feel that giving aid helps only in increasing the number of people in the world. The end result is that more people end up in poverty (Dower, 1991). This argument seems a selfish one as the proponents view it as an increase in the global ecological catastrophes. When looked at empirically, then it would emerge that once basic developments are achieved in an individual’s life, population growth slows down (Dower, 1991). As well, being that global ecological dangers are connected to underdevelopment issues, affluence remains the only thing to be addressed (Dower, 1991). Whether this view would hold water with respect to giving aid to poorer countries and people, an analysis of Singer’s views would be critical. The question of whether wealthy people in affluent countries have a moral duty or not to help poor people in developing countries is a debate that Singer responds to by saying that we have an obligation to assist (Singer 172, 239). Considering the example he gives concerning a baby trapped in a pond, his premise and conclusion stand out both controversial and uncontroversial. A better analysis of whether this conclusion holds water or not shows starts by first examining the point of view that Singer gives (Singer 172, 239). Singer argues that if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, we should go ahead and do so by sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance. This is one view that would win the opinion of consequentialists and on the other hand repel those of nonconsequatentialists (Singer 172, 240). In his view, the conclusion he has can in a large way

Data Mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Data Mining - Essay Example Irrespective of the technique, data mining can be broadly carried out in three steps in generic terms: classification (applied to group data based on set rules), association (the relation between objects within the group is identified) and sequence analysis (the sequence in which a data repeats itself is identified). The major pitfall for data mining is that, in some cases the process becomes disorganized without any set goals or objectives. This results in wastage of time, effort and investment. The other pitfall is that the programmers involved in the data mining process may not have sufficient business knowledge to understand the objectives or the information that can be retrieved. Sometimes, for a given data mining problem, the relevant data in the available data can be insignificant. In the case that has been presented, the airline utilizes the data available about its customers that were collected via. the frequent flier program to identify patterns in consumer behaviour. The airline employed data mining process in order to increase the responses from the customers and also to increase the value of response. Based on this information, the airline can then propose offers based on the results. This will increase the response rate as the offers are planned based on the results of customer preferences. Data mining can be widely applied to many industrial sectors. Retail and Telecommunication companies can make use of data mining in a number of ways to increase their revenue. Retail companies have a vast amount of data on the customer preferences and their purchase patterns. This data can be mined to identify consumer behaviour. In the telecommunications sector, the companies can mine the data they have about their subscribers to make value based propositions targeted at the customers who are of high value to the

United States and Taiwan Unemployment Rates Essay Example for Free

United States and Taiwan Unemployment Rates Essay This paper aims to compare the unemployment trends of the United States (US) and Taiwan from 1980 to 2007, and briefly discuss the factors affecting the trends of each country. The 28-year time-series data presented are from the World Economic Outlook Database of the International Monetary Fund. Unemployment Trends of the US and Taiwan The figure below shows divergence in the US and Taiwan unemployment rates over the past 28 years. The US has a downward unemployment trend, while Taiwan unemployment rates moved in the opposite direction from low to high level unemployment Fig. 1. US and Taiwan Unemployment Rates, 1980 – 2007, World Economic Outlook Database October 2007. rate. In 1980, the US unemployment rate is about six times the unemployment rate of Taiwan, while in 2007, the gap narrowed to about 0. 8-percentage point. All through out the said period, the unemployment rates of Taiwan are lower than that of the US, except in 2001 where the rates almost equaled. Looking at the US trends during the 28-year period, the peak unemployment rates in 1982, 1992, and 2003 were associated with recessions. The US recession in the early 1980’s was the most severe during the said period. As the US economy started to recover after the first oil shock in 1973, the second oil crisis in 1979 resulted in another recession in early 1980s that moved further up the unemployment rate to 9. 7% in 1982, the highest rate during the 1980-2007 period. As the economy began to grow in 1983, the unemployment rate started to reverse its trend and reached a lower rate of 5. 3% in 1989. The downward unemployment trend could be seen as a product of the free labor markets and the smaller size of welfare packages (Vedder and Gallaway 1), the entry of the oldest members of the baby boom cohorts in mid-1960’s in the labor force at age 16 coupled with their increased labor force participation (Sincavage 36), and substantial contribution of self-employment (Manser and Picot 12-13). The recession in 1991 pinned the unemployment rate at 7. 5% in 1992. But the 1990’s expansion brought about a long-run downward unemployment trend. The unemployment rate dipped at 4% in 2000, the lowest rate over the 28-year period. Katz and Krueger attribute this downward trend to four labor market explanations. The first is the entry of the oldest baby boom cohorts in the labor force at age 16 in the 1990s. The second is the rising proportion of the population in prison during the 1990s. The third is the better matching between workers and jobs resulting from labor market improvements, such as the Worker Profile and Reemployment Services program required in each state and the temporary help service industry. And the fourth is the worker insecurity in demanding wage gains due to the steady decline in union membership. After the 2001 recession, the unemployment rate continued to increase since the economy slowly recovered. The unemployment rate peaked at 6% in 2003, the lowest peak during the 28-year period. Thereafter, the unemployment rates have slowly decreased to 4. 7% in 2007. Taiwan, on the other hand, had different unemployment pattern. It has two distinct peak unemployment rates in 1985, and 2002. Before 1980, Taiwan experienced a very low unemployment rate, owing to its strong labor-intensive manufacturing industries, such as clothing and textile (Wang 26). The two rounds of oil crises in 1970’s had not spared the country’s economic growth. In response, the government broadcasted its twelve major construction projects, which laid the basic infrastructure for the heavy chemical industries and partly averted the negative impact of the oil crises (â€Å"From Poverty†). However, the loss of the international competitiveness of the country’s labor-intensive industries due to rising labor costs in the 1980’s resulted in the exodus of most of these traditional industries to mainland China and Southeast Asia (Wang 27). This pushed up unemployment rate, reaching its first peak at 2. 9% in 1985. Compared with that of US, the impact on the unemployment rate is relatively lesser. After the 1980s and in the first half of the 1990s, Taiwan gradually developed its ICT industries and successfully transformed itself into a major manufacturer of international ICT products (27). This minimized the unemployment problem of the 1980s. However, after 1995, unemployment dramatically increased until it hit its peak at 5. 2% in 2002, the highest during the 28-year period. Wang ascribes this sharp upward trend to three reasons. First, the capital-intensive and high-technology industries pushed most labor-intensive industries to move production to mainland China and Southeast Asia where labor is cheaper. Second, the Southeast Asian overseas workers had continually contributed to the worsening unemployment problem. Third, the slump in worldwide demand for ICT products in early 2000s plunged Taiwan into its first recession in decades. It registered the first ever negative economic growth in 2001, driving unemployment rate at its highest level at 5. 2% in 2002. After 2003, the economy slowly returned to normal. The unemployment rate gradually declined until 3. 9% in 2007, although much higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. This can be partly attributed to the implementation of the government’s Infrastructure Expansion Programme and Programme to Expand Employment of Public Service in 2003 and 2004 (PricewaterhouseCoopers 215). Meanwhile, the East Asian financial crisis in 1997 had a relatively slight impact on Taiwan’s economy since its unemployment rate remained unchanged. The reasons for these included, among others, the excellent economic fundamentals with no foreign debt, and appropriate government countermeasures (â€Å"From Poverty†). Conclusion The US and Taiwan show contrasting unemployment trends. Although their unemployment rates are moving in opposite directions, Taiwan unemployment rates are still much lower than that of the US However, in the medium- to long-term, with the declining rate of the US unemployment, US might attain a lower unemployment rate similar to that of Taiwan, or even much lower. This could be a good subject for further research. The unemployment trends depend on the countries economic stability and ability to adopt appropriate measures in response to structural and exogenous changes. The downward trend of the US employment implies favorable response of the labor market to the measures being adopted. The efficient and effective measure with longer effects is the implementation of a better worker-job matching scheme at the state level. Taiwan, on the other hand, may need to design a scheme to minimize, if not to avoid, labor erosion as it continues to be one of the major global ICT leaders, thereby addressing the social and economic inequality problems. Works Cited â€Å"From Poverty to Prosperity. † Taiwan Government information Office. 1 March 2008 http://www.gio. gov. tw/info/taiwan-story/economy/edown/3-2. htm Katz, Lawrence F. , and Alan B. Krueger. â€Å"New Trend in Unemployment? The High-Pressure US Labor Market of the 1990s. † Brookings Review Fall (1999): 4-8. Manser, Marilyn E. , and Garnett Picot. â€Å"The Role of Self-Employment in US and Canadian Job Growth. † Monthly Labor Review April (1999): 10-25. PricewaterhouseCoopers. â€Å"Taiwan. † From Beijing to Budapest. 4th ed. 2005/2006. Sincavage, Jessica R. â€Å"The Labor Force and Unemployment: Three Generations of Change. † Monthly Labor Review June (2004): 34-41. Vedder, Richard K. , and Lowell E. Gallaway. â€Å"Unemployment and Jobs in International Perspective. † Joint Economic Committee Study April (1999). 1 March 2008 http://www. house. gov/jec/employ/intern. pdf Wang, Wei Ching. â€Å"Information Society and Inequality: Wage Polarization, Unemployment, and Occupation Transition in Taiwan since 1980†. UTIP Working Paper. Texas: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas, 2007. World Economic Outlook Database. October 2007. International Monetary Fund. 28 February 2008 http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/index. aspx

Biography of Prof. Joseph Kahamba

Biography of Prof. Joseph Kahamba BIOGRAPHY OF Prof. JOSEPH KAHAMBA Dr. Joseph Kahamba is an Associate Professor in Neurosurgery at Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS) in Dar es Salaam, a Consultant Neurosurgeon and acting Head of the Neurosurgical department at Muhimbili Orthopedics and Neurosurgical Institute. He holds a Doctor of Medicine (MD) of the University of Timisoara-Romania, a Master of Medicine (MMed) in General Surgery of the University of Dar es Salaam, a Master of Science (MSc) in Neurosurgery of the Universities of Zurich, Ulm and Dar es Salaam (a sandwich program), and FCS-ECSA (Fellow of the College of Surgeons of East, Central Southern Africa) and MBA (Master of Business Administration) program of the University of Dar es Salaam. CHILDWOOD Born September 1 1964 in Bukoba, Tanzania, Prof. Joseph Kahamba was raised in a hard working middle class family with Ten siblings–four brothers and six sister. His mother was a farmer and father a Secondary teacher. He grew up mainly in three kind of environment, Gangster, Quiet, Energetic and loud .During his childhood years his family lived first in Katoke and then shifted to Ishozi, Bukoba. When they were living in Katoke he had many friends. He liked making friends. He was with them all the time. They went to many places and parties together, and they even went to the Disco or play soccer together and he really enjoyed this these moments. His best friends ware Stanley, Mjuni, Peter, Ester and Salma. He really enjoy be with them, because they were so nice that sometimes talk about all in his life, and when he had a problem they always help him. Childhood influences: The first book He remember reading for fun was called ‘Maisha Yetu’. He probably read it three times a day. He also liked Greek mythology since he was in middle school. He used to read mostly fantasy and science fiction in high school, and then got interested in mysteries when He got to Universities. Since his father was a teacher. He grew up in a very artistic family. His Dad was an inspiration professionally and his Mum was always there to talk to. His Dad taught him many values that define who he is now — the values of honesty, integrity and sincerity. They were teachers to him and his mother was always scout him to school when he was very young. She used to read for him stories every night that he can remember many of the stories and have even got quite a few of the books she read to him. Her Mum had a sing-song voice that he once told her but she thought he was criticising her and she got a bit humpy with him. His dad read to them when we were older but he helped them a lot with writing and studying. When sitting together with his father, they spent long hours talking about the world, politics, books and football. His father was also very funny, very good at jokes and could speak several languages. All this influenced his carrier. EDUCATION PRIMARY SCHOOL He received his primary education at Katoke Primary School between 1970 and 1973; his middle school education at Kanyigo School from 1974 up to 1978. Durring his Primary education his favorite subject were Science (especially biology and chemistry!), He loved them and he was never horrible at any subject, but he definitely hated History because he never liked writing essays since he didnt find it interesting. His favorite teacher was his Math’s teacher Ms.Salome, when he was in the fifth grade. As he described her as being very loving, caring, inspiring and almost like a mother to them. SECONDARY AND A-LEVEL After graduating at Kanyigo School in (1978) he was selected among 50 best students and been transferred to a Seminary government Secondary School (Kashasha Seminary) which it was 56 Kilometers’ away from his virrage. In 1978, Prof.Kahamba enrolled to Kahororo Seminary Secondary School for (O A-level) education between 1978 to 1984. While there much had happened routinely in the Seminary, each day had its own rhythm and he also noted that the seminarians had a varied schedule. They used to begin each day in the chapel, with either Morning Prayer from the Liturgy of the Hours at 7:30 a.m. After breakfast,Which sometimes made him to sleep in class .But in class He was often knowing how to do complex math problems before the concept had even been introduced to his class. In his second year the young Prof.Kahamba participated in student body government as Sports Minister in my second year. In this time, He worked for 2 years as the Scout President at a School camp. He liked most about school were the after-school athletic activities and least were Mandatory attendance and Learning superfluous subjects. Also he often knew how to do complex math problems before the concept had even been introduced to his class. He also did some extracurricular activities by Participating in Gym, Sports and Society clubs. He engage in the social life with other students mostly in parties. In 1984 his family returned to Ishozi, and Prof.Kahamba within a short time graduated from high school in the first division. UNIVERSITY In 1984, He enrolled at the University of Timisoara-Romania for his undergraduate study in Medicine (MD).In his first year in medical school he had been participating in new types of medical research. Since arriving in April he was been able to participate in two different research projects – one qualitative and one quantitative. In University, He was also involved in few outside activities. While there, and to enhance his meager income, He organized a Helping Hand Club and even served as its Vice president. After a handful of jobs , He finally went for different Projects to work for a large investment films. There He continued the trend of just meeting his potential, only taking on new challenges when enything was brought to his attention that it could be perfect opportunity for him. After graduating and reserved the certificate in Doctor of Medicine (MD) of the University of Timisoara-Romania, He then went back to his hometown and worked as Pharmacist assistance for the village local Institute Dispensary and a few Pharmacies in and around his hometown. In the meantime, He spent 1 year before Master school as a Soldier at Kanyigo Military, Bukoba serving for his county. During his time there, they moved into different largest military in the county for training. They also moved into the new country military base of Lugalo. One of thing he learned was simple. It doesnt matter if you can [do something] or not, you will. Just get it done. Going Master school had always been in the back of his mind, and he finally headed again across the Ocean to enroll in a Master of Science (MSc) in Neurosurgery at the Universities of Zurich in (1990). Early in 1992, he was transferred as a medical student to Zurich Medical cumpus to gain greater clinical experience, were he become Senior Laboratory Assistance at the University. He began his career as an ICU fellow at the Katoke Hospital Center where he worked in a variety of critical care settings before coming to the Clinical Center in 1999. At the Clinical Center he began his career as a Senior Clinical Researcher in the Medical Intensive Care Unit. His clinical research specializations included health behavior and health disparities research with special emphasis on methodology and measurement in end-of-life care, integrative health and vulnerable populations. After that, His wife and him moved to Bugando, Mwanza. Were they lived there for two years and managed to teach Bugando Medical University for almost 1 year. Then they had two daughters, Eunice and Nelly, and we moved back home to Dar es salaam. were he enrolled for MBA (Master of Business Administration) program at the University of Dar es Salaam.While there he used his extra time to teach at Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (Neurosurgery). Professional Recognition In November 2003, Prof. Kahamba was recognized by the Tanzanian Society of Orthopedics with the Dedicated Service Award. This award honors dedicated volunteer service to the Society marked by his outstanding performance. Between 2000 and 2006,He served as President of the Medical Association of Tanzania (MAT) at Muhimbili Orthopedics and Neurosurgical Institute. The Association that aimed to compliment the government efforts in reaching its desired objective of promoting the health and wellbeing of all Tanzanians. Marking the 45th Anniversary Medical Association of Tanzania (MAT) in 2008.Professor Joseph.F. Kahamba was presented with MAT Fellowship certificates for their distinguished contributions to the promotion of the medical profession and nurturing of the Medical Association of Tanzania. FAMILY In 1990, He met a pretty woman at a Staff Board meeting. He could feel that she was the right one for his eternal life. In 1991, He married Dr. Godelive Kagashe,Lecture in College of Health Sciences (MUCHS) in Dar es Salaam when he was 27.The wedding took place in Church, one month from his 28th birthday, Gogelive was 25, who spent her childhood in Morogoro, Tanzania. They have four childrens,One boy, Innocent 21 and three Daughters, Eunice 23, Nelly 22 and Karen 17. Eunice lives in the Mikocheni area. Shee works for a Clothing business company. Whenever they visit each other, they have a great time and many laughs. She also guides, teaches , and has been a great role model.Nelly is a Postgraduate in Medicine at Bugando Hospital,Mwanza.While Innocent is undergraduate in Civil engineering at Arthi University. When he was young, He sometimes did something very horrible that he then regret doing. One at which he would get other children to laugh at someone. He made fun of that person and got others to join in. In the rare hours when he’s not at Work, He enjoy running, reading, watching news. He’s very excited about moving back to his village in next year’s. About his Haya and Christianity background he said â€Å"its important because its how and why my parents behaved in the way they did. If I try to break that down into exactly what, all I come up with is things like the particular way in which they told stories about their family and their childhoods. At age of 50, He honestly think that reading has been one of the pleasant constants in my life. Reading truly feeds his soul. Looking ahead 20-30 years, He will fear losing his eyesight more than any other senior ailment. What the heck, he could enjoy reading The Adventures. Among of the worst or most embarrassing experience of his career as had been to identify his younger brothers body at a local municipal morgue. Employment and Professional Activities 1986-1987 Research Laboratory , University of Timisoara-Romania. 1988-1990 Postdoctoral fellowship, Institute for Advanced Study, Mwanza. 1991-1992 Senior Laboratory Assistance, University of Zurich. 1996-1997 Assistant Professor, Bugando University, Mwanza. 1997-1998 Associate Professor, University of Dar-es-salaam. 1998- Professor, University of Muhimbili, Dar-es-salaam. 1997-1998 Staff of Katoke Hospital Laboratory,Bukoba. 1998-2000 Director of MOI Physical Laboratory 2002-2004 Head of the Neurosurgical department at Muhimbili Orthopaedic and Neurosurgical Institute. 2000-2006 President of the Medical Association of Tanzania (MAT). 2007- Associate Professor in Neurosurgery at Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences (MUCHS),Dar-es-salaam

The Theoretical Framework For The Translation English Language Essay

The Theoretical Framework For The Translation English Language Essay The commentary will be divided into three sections. The first section will introduce the source text, establish the theoretical framework for the translation, define the translation brief and carry out a comparison of the functions of source and target texts. The next section will focus on defining and analyzing the strategies implemented in the translation by providing examples from within the translation. The final section will be a conclusion of the preceding sections. Source Text The source text is an article titled Xin, Da, Ya: On Yan Fus Translation Theories and was written in Chinese by Professor Wong Wang-Chi of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The article was first published in the Journal of Translation Studies by the department of translation at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1997. Later it was published collection of works by author Wong in a book titled a Study of 20th Century Chinese Translation studies:Re-interpretation of xin, da and ya, by Shanghai Orient Press in 1999. The article contributes to the continuous academic debate among Chinese translation scholars on Yan Fus translation theory; xin, da and ya. Wong attempts to provide clearer interpretation of Yan Fus translation theory which had previously received much criticism claiming that it was flawed, inappropriate and contradictory. Due to the nature of text, it inevitably contains a large amount of theory-based content. The article was written with regard to Yan Fus translation preface of Tian Yan Lun, a translation of Huxleys Evolution and Ethics (1893). In this preface Yan Fu introduced his translation theory and it is therefore for this reason that Wongs piece contains large number quotations from Yan Fus preface; a preface which was written in classical Chinese prose in 1898, five years after the original was released. The fact that Yan Fus original translation was written in classical Chinese prose and obviously was published in the 19th century means that the way it is interpreted since then has been in constant debate. The combination of theory with both classical Chinese prose and modern Chinese means the task of translation was complex. The function of the original is to provide Chinese translation and literature fields with a fresh outlook on Yan Fus translation theory in response to previous criticism. It aims to change the critical way in which many scholars have looked upon this theory by allowing the reader to see Yan Fus theory in a different light. Deep down Wongs motives are clearly to defend Yan Fu and put right those previously who have misunderstood Yan Fus theory and then gone on to misrepresent Yan Fu in the field of translation studies. The target audience of the source text are Wongs fellow translation studies scholars and those students who are studying translation studies at least at undergraduate level. This is due to the heavy reliance on examples in classical Chinese prose throughout the text and the style of the authors writing. The text possesses a corrective and educative nature. Theoretical Framework A Brief Background A Functionalist Approach The theoretical framework chosen for this translation is a functionalist approach. The functionalist approach was first suggested by Kathrina Reiss in 1971 (2000:92), it developed further in the 1970s and 80s in Germany and was focal to the shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally orientated concept of translation (Schaffner 1998:235). It was a shift that Gentzler described as one of the two most important theoretical developments in translation studies over the past two decades (2001:70). This aproach notably has been developed by a number of scholars in german language countries, including Kathrina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Mary Snell-Hornby, Christiane Nord and Justa Holz-Manttari (2001:69). The functionalist approach not only allows for greater emphasis to be placed on the target text, but also provides a framework to evaluate better the role of the translator, something that previous theories failed to accom modate. The functionalist approach consists of a number of fundamental principles; All strategies are determined by the function of the translation. The function is defined by the commissioner through the translation brief. The function of the translation need not be identical to that of the original. A translation that achieves its intended purpose is to be declared as functional. (cf. Nord 2006) Functionalist scholars believe that translation should always strive to achieve optimal solutions within actual conditions (Gentzler 2001:70-71). However, importantly functionalist advocates admit there is no such thing as a perfect translation. Controversially the functionalist approach can be criticized as being too vague and not being extensive enough, Despite the plausible flaws in the approach, it is still recognized for decisively brought about the breaking of the two thousand year old chain of theory resolving around the faithful vs. free axis (Gentzler 2001:71). The framework for this translation will focus on Reiss and Vermeers Skopos theory (1984), a theory that has been established within the parameters of the functionalist approach. Skopos theory The was Skopos theory was established by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984. The theory is based around the skopos or the function, purpose or aim of a translation (Vermeer 1989:221). The main components of the theory are the overall aim (skopos), the purpose set in order to achieve the aim, the intention behind the aim and the eventual function of the target language text in terms of its readership. This means that any form of translation strategy implemented will be determined these four components of the skopos theory which in turn from the purpose that the translation will later go on to serve. Functionalists advocate that translation like any other activity in that behavior is determined by its intent, in other words, the end justifies the means (Nord 1997:29). The skopos theory provides the translator with the means to justify their decision making. According to Vermeer, every text has a given goal, function or intention and that any text can adopt a different function when applied in d ifferent circumstances with a different audience (1989:227). Therefore the translation is no longer classified as loyal or disloyal, but measured in terms of how consistent translation is in relation to the purpose and intention of the target text, which are defined from the viewpoint of the receiver. An important aspect of the skopos theory is that the source and target texts must be viewed separately to allow the theory to function. Reiss and Vermeer state that every text is an offer of information and indicating that the source and target text a two separate entities (House 1997:16). The translator is simply offering certain information from the source text in accordance with the skopos specified by the commissioner (Reiss and Vermeer 1991:76) By distinguishing clearly between the source and target texts it enables the a kind of translation to be carried out that does not place the source text at its realm. In other words, the text can take on a new function which can be viewed as an extension of the original, even though it might involve changing the function altogether, as Nord states written texts can exist outside their original situation (1991/2005:8). This means again means that the function target text it not restricted by the original, but most importantly is pragmatica lly defined by the purpose of the intercultural transfer (1991/2005:11). One of the most significant aspects the Skopos theory is its approach to equivalence and adequacy. According to Reiss and Vermeer, equivalence can defined as an identical communicative function shared across both source and target texts (House 1997:12) and adequacy can be defined as being the relationship between the source and translation where no functional match is obtained and the skopos of the translation has been attended to (1997:12). At the same time, the skopos remains more important than any form of equivalence. In translating between Chinese and English, two contrasting cultures, it is pivotal that we highlight the fundamental principle that just in the same way that source text is bound to or embedded within the source culture, the target text should also be orientated towards the target culture (Vermeer 1989:222-223). Following on from the initial establishment of the skopos theory by Reiss and Vermeer, Chrisiane Nord also contributes to the functionalist approach. Nord modifies the previous work on skopos theory by attempting to rebalance the excessively target text orientated skopos theory, claiming the priority of the target text purpose does not mean that the source text is irrelevant, as it sometimes assumed (1997:62). Moreover, she points out that the source text provides the offer of information that forms the starting point for the offer of information formulated in the target text (1997:62). Nord extends on the skopos theory by providing a model of source text analysis that Reiss and Vermeer had failed to cover, which in turn makes for a more comprehensive theory, a theory which is used as a framework for this translation. It is also important to recognize as Nord concludes that optimum circumstances for carrying out translation is when intention and function would be analogous or even identical (1997:28). In the case of this translation the intentions certainly are analogous, which signifies this theory is appropriate for this translation. Other Relevant Approaches Text Typology This model of translation was based on Bulhers typology. Reiss outlined her three text types: informative, expressive and operative. This model of translation is focuses on the functional relationship between source and target texts. It fundamentally involves the categorization of texts into either on of the three categories mentioned above(Reiss 1977), then dependent on which category the text falls under determines the translation strategies implemented by the translator. Translational Action This theory was introduced by Hola-Manttari, who defines translation as a complex action designed to achieve a particular process (Nord 1997:12-13). Hola-Manttari focuses on specific aspects of the translation process such as the translator, the receiver of the message, time, place and medium. This approach has been praised by Schaffer, who recognizes the versatility in accommodating all types of translation (1997:5). The theory considers highly the needs of the target text receiver. Although similar to the skopos theory it also bears the wrath of Nords criticism for neglecting the source text (1991:28). Nords Model of Text Analysis Nords model of text analysis consists of two main aspects; extratextual factors and intratextual factors. It gives a framework that allows both the source and potential target text to be analyzed. Nord divides translation problems into four categories; pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text specific (1991:158-160). Hypothetical Translation Brief The translation brief is very influential in any translation, it is even more important in the functionalist approach. It gives both explicit and implicit information with regard to the intention, purpose and audience. It defines the conditions under which the translation is practiced. It is these conditions that influence the way in which the translator behaves. Munday states that it allows the translator to prioritize what information to include in the target text and to see where the source text and the target text may diverge (2001:82). This translation has been commissioned by Renditions, the leading international journal of Chinese literature in English language.   Based in Hong Kong, Renditions has striven to provide a unique yet rich variety of both classical and contemporary Chinese literature to the western world. It will be made commercially available in topical edition based on Chinese translation theory. The translation aims to present the latest standpoint on one of the most influential Chinese translation theories in translation studies history.   It will bring a more balanced, comprehensive understanding of Yan Fus translation theory among western translation scholars and students of translation.   The translation should ensure that those in the West are more sensitive to his theory.   Source and Target Text Function In order to effectively identify the strategies necessary to carry out the translation we must first establish the function of both the source and target texts. As it has been stated in the preceding paragraph the function of the source text is to outline the authors interpretation of Yan Fus translation theory; correcting those previous misunderstandings and at the same time defend Yan Fu. Therefore, in certain aspects the text is fullfilling an informative function in that it is sharing the view of Professor Wong Kwok-Pung, but furthermore the text has a operational function in that it is arguing for the defense of Yan Fus translation theory and is attempting to convince its audience that Yan Fu has been misrepresented. It has then become apparent that he source text possesses a combination of two functions. It is important to point out that the audience for this text is very niche as it is an scholarly and theoretical text which contains classical Chinese prose even those with a u niversity education will not necessarily be able to comprehend. With regard to the function of the target text, the function is similar to that of the source text. The key difference is that it takes on more of an educative function. It intends to educate western scholars of translation through increasing their sensitivity to the on going Yan Fu debate among Chinese translation scholars. Consequently, the target text is content focused, therefore the offer of information must be accurate in relation to the offer of information in the source text (Nord :80). In order to ensure that the translator is able to effectively transfer this information accurately, it is recommended that a literal translation strategy is used providing it can reach a level of naturalness that guarantees clarity and the presentation of the ideas and understandings of a fairly complex translation theory. This important as presently there exists a diversity among the understandings of the main concepts that form the basis of the theory. At this moment there is a key differenc e between the source and target texts; the source text audience is limited by both style of writing (classical Chinese) and the actual contents. On the other hand, the target will be restricted only by its content and not by the writing style as it will be mainly plain English. Therefore it audience will be extended by a more reader friendly text. The target text is aiming to turn a complex source text into a target text that is much clearer Strategies Used I n this section the strategies used by the translator will be discussed. A functionalist approach, in particular the skopos theory will determine these strategies which applied in this translation. It has also been recognized that the text is both informative and operational. Therefore, a balance must be found between being highly content focused in which no loss of information can be accepted, but also ensure the function of text is achieved, the translator must render the text in so that it is readable and conforms to the target text language conventions. Terminology Research Dictionaries, glossaries and parallel texts provide a resource that allows vital terminology research. Dictionaries are a tool used by translators across the world. In this translation a number of dictionaries have been referenced; bilingual and monolingual both modern and classic Chinese. Bilingual dictionaries provide a comprehensive range of terms including examples in a number of contexts. Despite that, there are instances with certain terminology when the bilingual dictionary does not suffice. A monolingual dictionary is used in instances when the incompleteness and inconsistency of the bilingual dictionary mean that terminology cannot be referenced. A specialized ancient chinese dictionary was required in this translation as the source text contains substantial amounts of classical Chinese prose. Dictionaries used Due to the difficulty in dealing with sections of classical Chinese prose within the source text, It was unavoidable that the translator depend on the assistance of a specialists outside of the field of translation. Nord (1991:158-160) describes this as being a text-specific problem, which is one of the four translation problems, as the source was written by a specialist. Although the fact that area of specialization in the source text is translation, but the fact that it is a technical text (1991:158-160) does still prove to be a problem. In terms of this translation, I sought the cooperation of a post graduate student from the University of Warwick who possessed an excellent knowledge of classical Chinese prose. He was able to help with difficulties in terminology and provide an evaluated opinion on the translated version of certain terms. Omission Omission is a strategy that is employed in instances when information is redundant and is non-beneficial to the function of the translation or the target reader. All forms of information must be able to make sense in the culture in which they exist. For example, the footnotes in the source text give reference to several Chinese authors and their work, all of which is in Chinese. I do not believe that supplying a translated version of these footnotes will provide any real support to the purpose of the text. Therefore, I have omitted all four of the footnotes which were present in the original. It is appreciated that some people believe the footnotes should be preserved in the translation and further explanatory information should accompany them. Despite this the decision to omit was made as the information was simply not significant enough to the target reader. Addition It is natural that the background knowledge of the source text audience and the target text audience may differ.   This means that the translator at times must employ strategies to either omit redundant or irrelevant information and also provide more information to supplement the the text in order to counteract the in balance in background knowledge, and in turn enable the target text reader to comprehend. There are a number instances in which historical and culture points are referred to within the source text.   These points are crucial in the explanation of Wongs standpoint and the understanding of Yan Fus theory.   By providing supplementary information regarding those theoretical terms, historical and cultural references in the translation it ensures the English readers are able to understand.   In particular with the terms xin, da and ya which are used throughout the text.   It is very important to add supplementary explanations.   If these items are not made clear in the initial stages of the translation then they will lead to the reader being distracted which is detrimental to the development of the text. Literal translation Literal translation involves following closely the structure, form and lexical meanings of the source text. It is based converting text constructions into their target text equivalents. By translating each lexical word means they are often out of context in target text form. It allows for accuracy in the transfer of information that explains why many people have misunderstood Yan Fus ideas. The main issue with literal translation is that those implicit and contextual meanings are neglected. This could potentially be damaging to the effective transfer of information. Example Source Text: à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ -à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã…’Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Target Text: Due to the fact that Yan Fu himself did neither define nor explain in detail these three characters immediately after proclaiming them, as a result it led to much subjective speculation and confusion. In the example above a literal translation strategy has been implemented. The original forms and meanings have been preserved, or at least to some extent. In the first example, due to the fact that there is an equivalent available in the target text means the translation is straightforward. However, in the second example, to simply render the text in accordance with the source text would result in unnaturalness. As a result the it has been altered to conform with the target text norms. As there is an evident inter-lingual difference between Chinese and English, there are instances in which it is not possible to translate literary. An attempt at literal translation will result in unnaturalness in the target language text. In my translation a number of pragmatic strategies have been employed, all of which promote naturalness and readability in the target text. Admittedly, accuracy may be sacrificed in order to ensure the target text audience are able understand and fully engage with the target text. There are a few examples below; Example 1.01 Source Text: à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Literal Translation: Carving up technique Target Text: Misrepresentation Potential Alternative: Quote of context; garble his statement Example 1.02 Source Text: GAP Literal Translation: Eliminate Target Text: Clear up In the two examples above illustrates a certain loss in meaning. The source text expresses more strongly in a way that becomes unnatural in the target text. In the target text example 1.01 it shows a two version of translation. The translator had to decide not to use the potential alternative because to a certain extent it seemed too toned down and neutral to truly represent the source text. The translator opted to use misrepresentation as it is able to represent at least to some extent the strong connotation of the original. It is inevitable that strong connotation in the original is to be sacrificed in order to achieve naturalness in the target text. The next example (1.02) is a connotation similar to the previous example, but it was not possible to find an equivalent that possessed the same strong connotation as in the target text. The translator is left with no choice but sacrifice the connotation for a weaker, more natural target text equivalent. This kind of adaptation guarante es naturalness. Example 1.03 Source Text: à ©Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚  Literal Translation: Following a logical chain of thought Target Text: Reasonably Potential Alternative: Naturally Example 1.04 Source Text: à §Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼ Literal Translation: climbing a tree to seek a fish. Target Text: Fruitless approach Potential Alternative: climbing a tree to seek a fish (a fruitless approach) Although the two examples above (1.03 and 1.04) both can be translated literally, however, they seem to be too long-winded. The translation must conform to the norms of the target language. It is important to avoid any unnecessary unnaturalness that may be detrimental to the development of the target text. As the authors intention is to defend Yan Fus theory, it is crucial that messages and meanings are transferred into the target text effectively. Example 1.05 illustrates an example where a target version that strongly represents the meaning of the source is rejected due to its length and unnaturalness. Source Text: à ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã… ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã… ¡ Rejected translation: The use of certain methods specifically in accordance with the subject of the literary piece allows for enhanced cultural expression, faithfully expressing the real ideas and emotions of the original Target Text: An authors writing allows for enhanced expression that should sincerely reflect his thoughts and emotions In-text reference As the name suggests, it is the providing of extra information within the text itself. It is a strategy used to explain a term that is alien to the readership such as Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) or simply assist them in comprehending the text. In the translation this strategy was not used often as it confuses the reader, especially in theoretical based text. Syntactical Convention The syntactic structure of Chinese and English are different. In terms of this translation, this means that alterations to the sequencing elements of the source text so that it reads naturally in the target language. An example of the changes that need to be made is shown below; Source Text: à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å" ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸-à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿-à ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­- ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Literal Transaltion: The fact is that with original texts which contain abstruse contents and are written in the terse and allusive language, to use the lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty proves better in expressing the original texts. Target Text: The fact is that the lexicon and sentence structures of pre-Han Dynasty prose prove to better express original texts which contain abstruse contents and are written in the terse and allusive language. The underlined part of each example highlights the change in structure. The text must function as an informative or educative and present an argument, in order to achieve this, the above adaptation has been made to emphasize readability. The next example below demonstrates the problems with complex sentence structures. To allow the reader to understand the target text modification is inevitable. Source Text: à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­-à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¨Ã†â€™Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ©- ®Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã‹Å" ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Literal Translation: Naturally, Yan Fus demands of using lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty prose in carrying out translation, furthermore the belief that it can achieve da, today it seems unthinkable, but if we look at this problem from a historical point of view then we wouldnt feel that there was any inappropriateness at all. Target Text: Naturally, today when we look back on Yan Fus belief of using lexicon and sentence structure of pre-Han Dynasty prose to achieving da, it seems to be unimaginable. However, if we look at this problem from a historical point of view then we wouldnt feel that there was any inappropriateness at all. The lengthy sentence in the example above has not only been divided into two separate units or sentences, but also the order of the units have been rearranged for it to make sense. Elsewhere, in Chinese the subjects are often unexpressed and the object can also occasionally be omitted. In particular, these instances occur more frequently in classical Chinese. It is left to the reader to determine the subject and object in any given sentence which can prove ambiguous. When rendering the text it is important the object or subject is inserted into the translated text to allow the reader to understand. This is shown in example 1.07 where the object is inserted in square brackets to ensure the reader is not confused. The channels that communicate the message of the original should be kept clear and concise. Alterations The source does not only contain a number of paragraphs from Yan Fus original translation preface, the author also quotes on a number of occasions throughout his text. This means the task of translation becomes extremely difficult because the context changes slightly. The initial issue is that it is was not possible to translate the sections of classical Chinese literally, furthermore, as it was very important to make clear the original meanings in these sections as Wong bases his essay on them, the translation strategy adopted was loyal to the meanings and had to presented be clear, concise and natural in the target language. It is for this reason that literal translation was not possible. However, the problem arose when these translations had to fit into Wongs main texts that were written in mainly in modern Chinese. Example 1.05 demonstrates that in the original classical Chinese it does contain the word meaning, but it is left out because it is not necessary in the context of the whole passage. As Wong quotes this line in a separate instance the meaning is then required. In this instance the translator must use an in-text reference and not change the structure of the quotation in order to remain consistent. If a translation shows inconsistency then the reader will be confused. Example 1.05 Source Text: à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¬Ãƒ ¦-†¡ Translated Passage of Classical Chinese: provided that the translation does not contradict of the original Quotation from the Passage in Main Text: provided that the translation does not contradict [the meaning] of the original) Footnotes Footnotes are used to provide additional information that is necessary to further explain certain terms or concepts in the text. They are usually employed when the supplementary information needed is too long to provide a parenthetical reference. It must be noted that footnotes should be used minimally to avoid distracting the reader in a way which will negatively influence the development of the text. As Baker states, unnecessary addition of information will only lower the readability of the text (1992:40). This translation uses footnotes to enable the reader to understand the source text. In other words they ensure the reader maintains connected with the text. For example to present an alien term without giving a supplementary explanation to the reader leads them to be unable to maintain their connection with the text. In this text there are instances when footnotes are employed to make the target text clearer in areas in which the author of the source text has failed, example on p age XX of the translation the translator uses footnotes to explain the term expression of intention which is one of the main elements of Yan Fus theory. The original author has not made much effort to make the chunks of classical Chinese prose more comprehendible to someone who does not understand this form of ancient Chinese. By doing this the author expresses that he wishes his text to function only among a very niche audience, I mean Wong could have provided a modern Chinese version of those sections. In the translation, the use of clear, plain English eradicates this potential restriction on its audience. The translated text intends to be accessible to all those who have interest in or understanding of the theoretical content of the original. Therefore, in a way the translation extends the influence of the original. In addition footnotes are used to counteract the lack of shared background knowledge between the source and target audience. The strategy shown below is an example of contextual amplification in which items, which source readers take for granted and that target readers do not understand, are explained. Example 1 On Page XX an explanation of the Tong

On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Essay -- Papers Henry David Thoreau

On the Duty of Civil Disobedience In a concise essay, Thoreau proffers a challenge to all men, "not to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right." Over and over, almost redundantly, Thoreau stresses simplicity and individualism, as most transcendentalists (the new philosophical and literary movement of Thoreau's time) did. Thoreau clearly states, in his On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, that the government is unjust and doesn't represent the will of the people, that one man can't change the government, and that people succumb unconsciously to the will of the government. The first of these is a ridiculous notion; the second contradicted and supported alternately throughout the essay so that one cannot be sure of what they agree or disagree with while reading it because it always contradicts itself in the following paragraph; and the last, a well-thought-out and legitimate concept. Thoreau believed that "That government is best that governs least," (222) but his harsh feelings stemmed from his dislike of the government and its motivations at that time. He thought that everything the administration did was wrong: their head-turn at the treatment of slaves, their land-grabbing war with Mexico, and the taxes that Thoreau himself was imprisoned for refusing to pay. Even the basic system of government was unfair and biased to him. He thought that the majority system was unjust, "†¦ when the power is in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted †¦ to rule, not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest," (231) but what else can there be in a non-monarchical government? He shoots down the entire American gover... ...ch is a profoundly admirable position. On the Duty of Civil Disobedience is an opinionated yet sincere treatise on the efficaciousness and assumed power of the United States' democratic government. The three main points proposed in this discourse vary in sensiblity from tangible to impalpable. Unfortunately, it is a very difficult and, for some, uninteresting and exasperating reading because in many parts of his essay, Thoreau, through ramblings and descriptions, unwittingly contradicts himself many times. Because of this, he is, by many, disregarded as a great philosopher and considered a hypocrite, and one has to look deep to discover the real meaning behind his grand words and complex sentences. Works Cited i Henry David Thoreau - "Civil Disobedience" from A World of Ideas - Essential Readings for College Readers, Lee A. Jacobus, Bedford Books, 2008, 1849

Essay --

Of mice and men is a novella written by Steinbeck in the 1930’s at the time of the American great depression. Two migrant workers George and Lennie are the protagonists; through these characters Steinbeck highlights many themes. The themes presented in this novel can be compared with those in the ‘Moon on the Tides’ Anthology poems for example ‘Brothers’, ‘Farmer’s Bride’ and ‘In Paris with You’. ‘Brothers’ written by Andrew Forster is an autobiographical poem and is written in three stanzas which account for three different stages in the narrators’ afternoon. This poem explores the relationship between two siblings which can subsequently be compared with George and Lennie’s relationship. The ‘Farmers Bride’ is another poem which can be compared with ‘Of Mice and Men’ this poem explores the nature of the famers ‘bride’ and can also be interpreted to indicate that the poem is a metaphor for the way women are treated in Mews society? Charlotte Mew lived through the First World War and the women suffrage therefore it can be collated that her writing was influenced by the events in her time both historically and socially. In addition to this her personal life has an impact too as she made a pact never to marry because her family went through a tough time- they were mentally ill. Therefore she did not want insanity to be passed on to her children. Nonetheless Mew was bisexual and in her time period homosexuality was illegal, these things in her time period could be considered a source of stimulation for the deception in the poem. The third poem which links with ‘Of Mice and Men’ is ‘Hour’ by Carol Ann Duffy which explores the nature of love not typical richness of love but how spending time with a loved one is priceless and valuable. ... ...traditional desires of love, the narrator portrays the idea that nature is more valuable than typical materialistic things eg; ‘spend it not on flowers...but.. Sky and a grass ditch’ many similes, oxymoron’s, metaphors are used in the poem alongside enjaments to suggest that the narrator hasn’t enough time, her treasure is time. The short sentences used are pauses to perhaps show how the narrator is stressing time. ‘like treasure.. limbs gold’ is a simile used which refers to the richness of spending time with someone. Compared with ‘Of Mice and Men’ George and Lennie don’t have the luxuries of being good friends but make the most of things ‘guys like us.. no family...you got me.. i got you...’ however oppositely Lennie is overwhelmed by his dream to have rabbits and the alfalfa-materialistic things he thinks by achieving this dream himself and George can be happy.

Comparison between Because I Could Not Stop For Death and Come Up From the Fields Father :: Emily Dickinson Walt Whitman Poetry Essays

Comparison between Because I Could Not Stop For Death and Come Up From the Fields Father Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman were two of the best poets in America, during the nineteenth century. They were both rebellious each in his own way. The shared some features, especially their abandonment of the usual form of poetry and their use of free verse instead. In comparing the poems â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop For Death† by Dickinson and â€Å"Come Up From the Fields Father† by Whitman, we can notice some similarities. Both poems have some kind of music though there is no rhyme scheme, due to the use of free verse. They both use repetition of some words. Dickinson repeated the words â€Å"we passed†. While Whitman repeated several words such as â€Å"waking†, â€Å"longing†, â€Å"withdraw† and â€Å"better†. They both used descriptive language. Dickinson described the â€Å"Dews† that â€Å"drew quivering and chill†, her â€Å"gown† which was made of â€Å"Gossamer†, her â€Å"Tippet† which was â€Å"only Tulle†. She also gave us a description of the house of death, which was â€Å"A swelling of the ground, The roof was scarcely visible, The Cornice in the ground†. Yet Whitman used more descriptions in his poem. He described the fields of Ohio’s villages in autumn and their beauty. He described the â€Å"apples ripe†, the â€Å"grapes on the trellis’d vines†, â€Å"the sky so calm, so transparent after the rain†. He made us feel as if we were smelling the grapes, the buckwheat and touching them. He made us hear the buzzing of the bees. He also made us experience the awe and misery of the mother by describing her â€Å"trembling steps† when she went to read the letter, her â€Å"sickly white face and dull in the head†. In addition to her state after her son’s death, she was â€Å"presently drest in black†, â€Å"her meals untouched†, â€Å"fitfully sleeping often waking† and her â€Å"deep longing†¦to be with her dead son†. Dickinson uses imaginative and somehow figurative language. She personifies death as a gentleman who kindly takes her for a journey in his carriage. She also personifies immortality as a person riding with them in the carriage. She uses paradox â€Å"The Cornice in the ground†. Whereas Whitman’s language is poetic and realistic. Both poems discuss the view of death, but from different perspectives. Dickinson gives us a joyous and happy view of death, which is like a kind gentleman that takes her for a journey. He is so civil, therefore she willingly gives him her â€Å"labor† and â€Å"leisure too†. She is not afraid of death, she instead receives it calmly. Whereas Whitman’s view is the contrary. For him death is a horrible