The Global Issue Of Mental Health And Shortage Of Nursing...

The aim of this utilization review is compare and contrast the global issue of mental health and shortage of nursing staff. Mental health is not the primary choice of nursing students when they graduate, and there is a shortage of psychiatric nurses as the older generation is coming closer to retirement. Across the states in Australia, studies have been conducted by Registered Nurses to survey and analyze nursing students and their field of preference after graduation. From the studies analyzed in this literature review, mental health has the least number of interested future nurses. Four articles, which included 2 qualitative researches, one quantitative, and one systematic review, were chosen to compare and contrast to each other. All the articles chosen were studies done no earlier than 2007, and research must have been conducted by at least one nurse, and published in a peer review nursing journal. Topics in this subject were not found in the United States however, different sta tes in Australia were found and compared to each other. Findings on all the research reviewed led to the same results; mental health is the least preferred by nursing students to choose as a career, and the studies confirmed that the more theoretical and clinical training the students had, the more positive views the students reported on psychiatric nursing for their future. Overall, mental health nursing continues to have a shortage in nursing staff due the lack of interest, however,Show MoreRelatedReflection On Mental Health802 Words   |  4 PagesIn my opinion, mental illness is also called psychiatric disorder, which affects an individual’s way of thinking, behaving and perceiving, and interacting with other people. Upon reflection, I felt that my anxiety was largely due to my negative preconceptions about mental illness especially my belief that mentally ill people are violent, unpredictable, and dangerous. These views were not only a result of a lack of knowledge abou t mental illness but also due to the impact of negative media and culturalRead MoreMy Role As A Student Nurse1625 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting to know the unit. On this particular week, I was assigned to care for Mrs. S, a 54 year old woman with an inoperable glioblastoma admitted to hospital for the past three weeks with thrombocytopenia. Her prognosis was not good and the hospital staff was trying to speak to the family about arranging palliative care. As I read through her chart, I remember thinking that she was the same age as my mother. I provided care for her over four clinical days, or 32 hours. I brushed her teeth, helpedRead MoreReasons For Improving The Career Path1401 Words   |  6 Pagesprofessionals to reconsider their career path. In doing so, many people have found that the healthcare industry is an excellent choice because the field continues to grow and never stopped doing so, even when the rest of the job market declined. Nursing is one of the most common choices within healthcare; according to the US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of May 2013 there were 2,661,890 registered nurses in the United States. However, there are some aspects of the job that areRead MoreLong-Term Care and the Shortage of Nurses Essay2334 Words   |  10 Pagesthere are within Long-Term care. We will look at rising costs within long-Term Care, patient abuse, will look at the quality of life, shortages of nurses and demand that the elderly are putting on the medical field. The type of care that Long-Term Care had been giving to its patients and the changes within Long-Term Care. Historic Development and Current State of Health Care Delivery There have been problems within Long-Term Care and many of these abuses were turned over to the patients, thereRead MoreNursing Shortage : A Nurse Shortage2293 Words   |  10 Pagesof nurses occurred hospitals began to realize a demand of nurses had increased. Hospitals were soon faced with increased opening rates for nursing that emphasized a nursing shortage. It has been projected that there could be a nursing shortage that reaches more than 450,000 by the year of 2020. According to the American Nurses Association, the nursing shortage projection will grow to at least one million registered nurses by 2020 that is not destructively dealt with. Thirty-six percent of the surroundingRead MoreEmergency Department ( Ed ) Overcrowding3259 Words   |  14 Pages(ED) overcrowding has become an international health crisis and been identified as a major threaten to public health. As defined by Australasian College for Emergency Medicine, overcrowding is a situation in which ED patient s’ demand for services exceeds the staffing capacity to provide care within a reasonable length of time, thereby impeding ED function. Some has called ED as the safety net of the health care system, given its unique role in public health. However, the increasing problem of crowdingRead MoreCreative Learning Through Cultural Competency3271 Words   |  14 PagesCreative Learning through the Use of Simulation to Teach Nursing Students SBIRT for Alcohol and Other Drug Use in a Culturally Competent Manner Background Schools of Nursing prepare their graduates to meet the needs of diverse patient populations by providing cultural competency education. An integral component in undergraduate education, cultural competency in nursing, supports patient-centered care addressing patients’ cultural differences, values, spiritual, ethnic, gender, and sexual orientationRead MoreConcept Analysis: Compassion Fatigue Essay2583 Words   |  11 PagesConcept Analysis A Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for NU 506 Theoretical Foundations of The practice of nursing is synonymous with the concepts of empathy, compassion, nurturing, and caring. In the last two decades, a global nursing shortage has developed, leading to a phenomenon in nursing never seen before; the delivery of nursing care without nurturing. Increased workloads, higher patient acuity, deficient resources, and inadequate support systems, have all contributedRead MoreCritical Incident Analysis in Nursing2743 Words   |  11 PagesUNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF NURSING A PROPOSAL ON THE TOPIC: CAUSES OF HIGH FAILURE OF STUDENT NURSES AT LICENSURE EXAMINATION A STUDY AT KORLE-BU AND NURSES MIDWIFERY TRAINING COLLEGE BY IRENE TALATA AVOKA INDEX NUMBER: SC/NUS/10/0088 27TH JANUARY, 2011. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW This chapter introduces the research that is to be carried out and specifically informs readers of the document on the background of the study, problem statement, and statementRead MoreCase Study : Human Resource Management Essay4184 Words   |  17 PagesHuman Resource Management The organization is currently facing a staffing shortage of qualified registered nurses (RN), therefore, they are focusing much of their attention on recruitment for current positions rather than forecasting for the future. However, the organization has partnered with Northwest Christian University to provide an RN to BSN program. If the organization is to address the current and future nursing shortage, strategies must be employed to encourage nurses to relocate to Oregon

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1174 Words

With recreational drugs becoming more common in our society, the public is growing more concerned with the negative effects of these substances, especially the effects of marijuana. Those who do not know enough about drugs generally think that â€Å"marijuana is bad for you† or â€Å"marijuana can kill people†. Although these preconceived notions do not often have scientific data as backup, there have also been multiple studies supporting the claims that marijuana is detrimental to people ´s health. Even though today many people, especially teenagers, do support the legalization of marijuana, this recreational drug is detrimental to health because it affects motor skills, mental abilities, and suppresses motivation, and therefore should not be†¦show more content†¦According to a study performed at the University of Michigan, 36.4% of teenagers smoked marijuana before reaching their junior year in high school. Those who haven’t smoked it before claim th at their peers who do use marijuana pressure them to partake in smoking it with them in a social setting. Secondly, people who smoke cigarettes on a day-to-day life are more likely to smoke illegal drugs. For many teenagers, smoking marijuana is a way to fight against anxiety, depression or boredom. Nevertheless, consuming drugs is just a method to avoid problems, and ignoring these issues only exasperates the problems in their lives. While teenagers think that their problems will disappear, it just creates a more problematic situation in their lives. Home and social life, school, and emotional or physical feelings are several examples of these problems. Home and social life problems can be very harmful to the person, and can cause them to develop poor relationships with their family members. Stealing money or valuable items that belong to their own parents is, in many cases, one of the most frequent acts that occur. Selling the valuable items provides them with the money to buy the drugs. Other problems that occur with a drug problem are not coming home on time or not telling a family member where he or she is going. Addressing the school problems, missing or skipping school can be one main consequence of consuming drugs. This leads the person to have a

League of Legends Free Essays

The poem Funeral Blues, which was written by W H Aden, is a beautiful poem in which the poet conveys the meaning through rhythm and scarring scenes he paints of lost love and anguish. The poem is about the death of a loved one and the actions taken after in the lead up to the funeral, as can be told by the title. The first stanza is striking with the poet creating a silence In your head; the second describes the preparation in a solemn tone that seems to echo for me as the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on League of Legends or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the third stanza you are shown the love and anguish In Its full light through the slow rhythm of he words with many comma’s to add an aura of suspense and depression, male pronouns are used to describe the dead person whose body fills the coffin so the poet Is subtly making reference to his sexuality as though to make a point of his sadness, being gay himself. Finally the fourth stanza finishes the poem with words that suggest a lack of hope from someone who has given up In life. The main ideas that are expressed in the poem are centered on loss: they circle around death and how it affects the surrounding people when it takes a loved one. The main idea expressed by the poet is that without this person he is writing about his world is unable to go on. You see this in a beautiful scene in ‘Four weddings and a funeral,’ when the poem is read out at the funeral of the readers partner. He talks slowly and as the camera pans out you see the whole audience is crying silently, silence being a key part of W H Addend’s poem. Silence. His last stanza makes me as the reader feel like the world is caving in on me which links into the loss of hope and happiness and completely tears at the reader’s heart. The mood silently creeps of the page and into the readers mind, illustrating the distress that flows through the lines as though it where a stream. It is dark and without light and as I have said before it was without hope. He focused on using language that could be understood by any age to symbolism that everyone could understand what he was feeling, that it was neither easy nor hard to relate. The poem Is about hopelessness against the force of our nature, of life and of death that the poet conveys through his slow rhythm and depressive mood. The Imagery used by W H Aden was an essential part of the effectiveness of the emotion behind the poem. He used It to paint pictures that affected the readers. With some very scaring pictures painted through auditory, and some beautiful, sad pictures painted through visual. These are used to make the audience react to the poem as though it where a recount of their own feelings. Prevent the dog from barking with a Juicy bone, Silence the pianos and with muffled drum† This quote is an example of auditory imagery. It creates a silent wind in the reader’s ears and the world the poem creates becomes darker due to the idea of silence. Silence is one of the main horrors of death from the poem and it links directly to the sadness of love and life. Personally when I see this line I can hear the beat of a cuckoo clock cutting of mid call, the cord on a telephone, ripped from it’s socket and as the silence becomes more, then suddenly the sound of the slow muffled drums of a parade, making its way towards me. This is an example of great description in my mind because it conveys the significant meaning of the poet’s silence in a few words. Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves, Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves. † Is an example of visual imagery by themselves the lines are beautiful and peaceful, but they add to the sorrow through their calm, delicate, beauty when combined with the rest of the poem. It is amazing how Aden has intertwined doves into his dark and sorrowful poem as they are a sign of love, peace, holiness and fertility, not death, sadness and the sin of homosexuality in many cultures. â€Å"The stars are not wanted now; put out every one, Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun, Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood; For nothing now can ever come to any good† This stanza is the most visual, I myself am able to see people covering the stars with black cloth, pulling down the sun, bit by bit, and clearing the land dry and barren. W H Addend’s poem Funeral Blues shows the reader that death is a force stronger than life and love stronger than the both; he does this through the visual imagery he has created throughout the stanzas to create a sense of harsh peace and auditory imagery to chill the reader with the power of silence. How to cite League of Legends, Papers

Taxation Law Assignment Free Sample

John was an architect and was employed by a small firm in the Melbourne CBD. He worked part-time. On his days off, he enjoyed designing and printing T-shirts. He started designing and printing T-shirts in August 2009, when his friend introduced him to the hobby. He printed T- shirts when he had the time and kept them for himself or gave them as gifts for family members for special occasions. As an architect, John had excellent design skills. Most of the time, John came up with new designs and logos etc during his train travel to work. Are You Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Avail Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. In January 2010, John started to receive requests for his T-shirts from people outside of his family. Without giving it much thought, John happily obliged and printed T-shirts for these people. He received $25 per T-shirt and sold about 20 T-shirts in the following 2 months. John always took the money for the T-shirt when the request was received and he promised delivery within 5 business days. John was keen to make extra income to supplement his architect wage, so on 1 March 2010, he decided to investigate into whether it would be profitable to sell the T-shirts to a wider market. He did some profit projections, conducted some research into how long the equipment generally lasts and enquired into whether he could obtain his materials (such as paint and T-shirts) at wholesale cost. As a result of his investigations, on 6 March 2010, John invested $2,000 to purchase some additional equipment and materials (such as a large drying rack for the T-shirts, a large quantity of paint, T-shirts and a new printing screen). Other than the drying rack and the printing screen, John did not require any other equipment for printing the T-shirts. John also started to devote more time to designing and printing the T-shirts before he received requests, so that he could meet the demand within the 5 business days of payment as he always promised. Over the month of March, John sold 30 T-shirts just by word-of-mouth. On 31 March 2010, John decided that if he wanted to sell the T-shirts to a wider market then he needed to advertise his product. On this date, John paid a friend $500 to set up a simple website to advertise his T- shirts. John also printed the website on all of the T-shirts that he sold from that date on. The website proved to be popular and John sold 80 T-shirts during the month of April 2010. Due to the increased sales, John was now spending approximately 35 hours per week on printing the T-shirts. He also commenced a filing system of all of the designs, logos and slogans that he had developed. He researched into what sort of designs were the current fashion in different age groups so that he could target his designs to the most lucrative market. For the first time, in May 2010, John started to also design pants and collared shirts, which he paid to have tailor-made and applied his prints to. On 15 May 2010, the owner of a chain of cafs, Ron, contacted John and requested him to design a uniform for the caf staff. John successfully designed a uniform, which Ron was exceptionally pleased with. As well as looking modern and groovy, it was also very practical. As part of the uniform, John had designed the apron with a special belt, which could hold various attachments such as the electronic ordering pad, a cloth and other items. Ron ordered 200 uniforms for all of the staff across all of the caf franchises. Due to the success of the uniform, John decided to apply for a patent over the apron with the belt. The uniform and belt was patented on 2 July 2010. In applying for the patent, John became aware of a patent over an automatic clothes folding machine being sold for a bargain price. The seller was in financial difficulties and therefore was selling it for a cheap price. John did some research into the potential income that could be generated from this patent and the popularity of the machine. Although John had never had any experience with such a machine, he thought this might be a good way to make a quick profit. John purchased the patent for $4,000 on 15 July 2010. John actively sought to exploit the patent and therefore managed to procure 3 significant parties who were keen to use the patent to build and sell these machines. This significantly increased the value of the patent and John subsequently sold the patent on 18 October 2010 for $10,000. REQUIRED John seeks your advice about satisfying his income taxation obligations in respect of his printing and designing activities. In particular, advise John of the income tax consequences and implications of: Johns receipts from printing T-shirts and designing clothes/uniforms. John selling the patent over the automatic clothes folding machine. In providing your answers, you should ignore GST, you should provide full details and reasons as to why and when amounts are taxable, and you should refer to any relevant case law, legislation and taxation rulings to justify and support your conclusions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SOLUTION Various facts and circumstances of the case have to be taken into consideration in the instant case in order to ascertain the tax liabilities and the accessibility of various receipts of money by John over the relevant accounting year. In order to render proper legal advice to John, all these factors have to be taken into consideration and accordingly, a brief discussion of relevant facts as ascertainable from the facts of the case has been undertaken hereunder so that correct advice can be given to John regarding his liability pertaining to receipt from painting and designing T shirts and regarding the liability from purchase and sale of patents. As the accounting year in the Commonwealth of Australia is from July 1 to June 30th of the next year, for the purpose of tax accessibility, figures and receipts during the relevant time in 2009-2010 have to be taken into consideration. A perusal of the facts of the case discloses that John, who was an architect by profession, worked in a small firm in Melbourne in a part time job. The facts further reveal that John was introduced to the hobby of designing and printing T shirts in the month of August, 2009 by a friend and he started to design T shirts, print them and keep them for personal use or to gift them to someone. As per the facts of the case, till the month of December, John had continued the entire process as mere hobby. Since January, as per the facts of the case, John started receiving personal orders, though there is no mention of any effort made by John in order to solicit orders till now. During January and February of 2010 John sold around 20 T shirts but the facts still do not disclose any profit motive on part of John. The receipts from sale of T shirts over the month of January and February is an amount of $ 500/. In the month of March, John decided to analyse and check if he could pursue designing and selling T shirts to increase his earnings in addition to the wages that he earned from his architectural employment. As his investigations were reflecting positive results, he invested $ 2,000 to purchase certain items such as large drying rack, paints, T shirts and a printing screen even though the immediate need was of drying rack and printing screen and John presumably purchased pa ints and T shirts because maybe he got a better deal. In the month of March, John sold 30 T shirts making his receipts for the month to be $ 750. On 31st March he decided to develop a website and invested $ 500 in this regard and this resulted in increased sale as he sold 80 T shirts in the month of April, 2010 thus his receipts being $ 2000. In the month of May John received order of designing 200 uniforms for the cafes owned by Ron and the aprons designed by John became so popular that he decided to patent the aprons with special belt. Moreover, John started filing all his designs, logos and slogans that he developed. It is submitted here that wages that John earned, being an architect, would form a part of his ordinary income and would also come under the purview of statutory income as well. The important question which arises in the instant case is whether the receipts made by John with respect to printing and designing T shirts would become a part of his assessable income or not. As long as John was printing and designing T shirts as a part of his hobby, the income accrued out of his pursuit of his hobby would not become a part of his assessable income. In the landmark ruling in case of Stone1 wherein it has been clearly held that moneys or benefits accrued or received in pursuit of pastime or hobby do not become a part of the assessable income2 of the assessee. In this regard, accordingly, it is submitted that the money received to the tune of $ 500 by sale of 20 T shirts by John during the month of January and February 2010 would not be treated as a part of his assessable income as he had received the money in the pursuit of his hobby of printing and designing T shirts. It is further submitted that for an exercise to be discernible as business as opposed to be a hobby, there should be an expectation and realisation of recurrent and regular income,3 there should be systematic planning and there should be investment pertaining to the exercise so as to raise profit4 from the exercise.5 Accordingly, as John undertook research and invested money to procure machinery in the month of March and then later on he invested money to develop a website, it clearly shows that he intended to use his talents of designing and printing T shirts for raising income and thereafter the money earned by him by sale of T shirts and uniforms from the month of March 2010 would form a part of the assessable income of John. Another relevant factor to be considered is that in the once he decided to take printing and designing T shirts professionally with profit motive, he used to work around 35 hours a week and it amounts to fulltime work making the receipts thereof to be taxable . It is further submitted that the money invested with a purpose of gaining assessable income is allowed as deduction6 by virtue of section 8 of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997. In this regard, it is submitted that with respect to machinery, i.e. drying rack and printing screen, John would be eligible to get depreciation and not deduction. Accordingly, John is advised that the receipts made by him from sale of T shirts and uniforms from the month of January would form a part of his assessable income by virtue of sections 6.5 and 8 of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997. Regarding the profits made by John by virtue of purchase of patent pertaining to automatic folding machine on July 15th of 2010 and subsequent sale on October 18th 2010 for a profit of $ 6,000 would be treated in the tax calculation for the year 2010-2011 as the transaction does not fall under the purview of last accounting year. The transaction was undertaken by John with a motive to make quick profit and it was a part of speculation to make profit in short term and actually the transaction was completed in three month only thereby not making assessable as capital gains by virtue of section 108-5(1)(b) of Income Tax Assessment Act, 19977. However, the profits made by John from sale of the patent would become a part of his assessable income by virtue of section 6.5 of Income Tax Assessment Act, 19978 and John is being advised accordingly. Regarding the purchase of patent, it is submitted that purchase of intellectual property is purchase of asset and had been held for a period of mor e than one year, it would be considered under the head of capital gains upon its sale. However, as GST provisions have not to be applied in the instant case, the profits made by sale of the patents on automatic folding machine would be subject of trading profits which would become a part of assessable income of John for the next accounting year. Regarding the expense incurred in getting the intellectual property protected in the form of patent on apron and his designs, logos and slogans, John would be able to claim depreciation under the provisions of division 40 of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997.

5 Best Anti Adblock WordPress Plugins to Test Out

Why use anti adblock WordPress plugins?After all, everybody hates ads unless youre a marketer or have an online business. In which case you need them to make a living.Last year, adblocking grew by 41% globally and there are now over 198 million active users using adblockers all around the world. Wow!So what can you do when most of your visitors or blog readers indeed use some form of an adblocker? Heres a handful of anti adblock WordPress plugins that can help:âš  Ã¯ ¸  Some of these plugins havent been updated in a while. Plus, ad blocking is a tough topic to master, and not all of these plugins will work for you in every situation. Its best to treat this as a list of options to try out and pick the one that works best for your site. Ad Blocker Notify Lite Author(s): Heres how it works:Through its inner magic, the plugin detects if the visitor uses any sort of adblocker. If they are, you get the opportunity to display a targeted message to them.You have full control over tha t message and can customize it freely. Example:You can tweak the popups the way you want by choosing multiple templates, animations, effects, colors, catchy titles etc. If you want to send a popup at a specific time during your clients visit, Ad Blocker Notify lets you do that too (you decide when its the right moment for it to show up). Also, you can write custom CSS in order to make the messages more convincing. Powerful visuals always catch visitors attention better.By the way, you dont have to worry that the plugin itself will be blocked by adblockers. It comes with a couple of mechanisms that prevent that from happening.As an added bonus, you can track Ad Blocker Notifys performance through the plugins statistics regarding the impact that adblockers are having on your site.2. AdBlock X AdBlock X Author(s): DDC Inc.Current Version: 3.0.2Last Updated: November 4, 2016adblock-x.zip 86%Ratings 6,253Downloads WP 3.0+Requires In a sentence, this anti adblock WordPress plugin plays the role of Google Analytics, but for adblockers. It brings you a complex dashboard with lots of stats, numbers, and percentages about adblockers impact on your site.Unique visitors, visitors with adblockers, page views with an adblocker enabled, how many times the blocker was disabled at your request those are just a handful of the insights that AdBlock X gives you.The interface is very friendly and it also offers visuals, such as grids and charts.This plugin lets you create custom messages, through which you can ask people to whitelist your site. You can also choose the way you want the messages to be displayed.3. Ad Blocking Detector Ad Blocking Detector Author(s): AdmiralCurrent Version: 3.6.0Last Updated: August 31, 2018ad-blocking-detector.3.6.0.zip 88%Ratings 39,388Downloads WP 4.4+Requires This anti adblock WordPress plugin has a very original approach toward adblocking. It gives you some shortcodes that you can use to communicate with those of your visitors w ho use adblockers.For instance, you can show them a custom message instead of the original article. This effectively means that your visitors will be able to see your content only if they disable their adblocking tools.This plugin can be used as a widget too. Just go to Appearance / Widgets, drag the Ad Blocking Detector widget to any Widget Area, select one of the available shortcodes, and click Save.4. Simple Adblock Notice Simple Adblock Notice Author(s): Shrinivas NaikCurrent Version: 2.3.8Last Updated: November 28, 2018simple-adblock-notice.2.3.8.zip 60%Ratings 15,988Downloads WP 3.0+Requires A simple plugin displaying a notification in case the visitor uses an adblocker.This anti adblock WordPress plugin comes with a very basic free version, in which you can only set how often the notification will appear. For some other features, you need to upgrade to premium, which is $5.In it, you can customize the notification message, the title, and also choose the pages where th e message should show up.Simple Adblock Notice also comes with an option called Strict mode, which hides the entire website until the user disables their adblocker. This option makes your WordPress website completely unavailable until adblockers are no longer being detected.This is what the popup looks like by default, in the free version:5. Block AdBlock Block AdBlock Author(s): AdmiralCurrent Version: 1.4Last Updated: July 2, 2018kill-adblock.1.4.zip 70%Ratings 19,314Downloads WP 3.2+Requires This plugin is very easy to use and to set up. The main advantage of Block AdBlock is that it works super quickly.Just install it, click on Kill AdBlock Settings in your wp-admin menu, and a simple, straightforward window will show up. Select/check all your preferences, and click Save Changes:As you can see, you can write your own message and choose from three ways of showing it: Sticky Bar, Full Screen, and Flying Box (pop-up).This is what the full-screen version looks like (by using it, you wont allow people to see your websites content until they disable their adblocker):Have you tried any of these anti adblocking WordPress plugins? Or maybe you have some other questions on how to deal with adblockers let us know. 5 anti #adblock #WordPress #plugins to test out â›”

Interracial Marriage Under Apartheid

Interracial Marriage Under Apartheid Officially, there  were no interracial marriages under Apartheid, but in reality, the picture was much more complicated. The Laws Apartheid rested on the separation of races at every level, and preventing interracial sexual relations was an essential piece of that.  The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act from 1949 explicitly prevented white people from marrying people of other races, and the Immorality Acts prevented people of different races from having extra-marital sexual relations. Moreover, the 1950 Group Areas Act prevented people of different races from living in the same neighborhoods, let alone the same house. Yet despite all of this, there were some interracial marriages, though the law did not see them as interracial, and there were other couples who broke the Immorality Acts and were often jailed or fined for it. Unofficial Interracial Marriages Under Apartheid The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act  was one of the first steps in setting up Apartheid,  but the law only criminalized the  solemnization  of mixed marriages, not the marriages themselves.  There were a small number of interracial marriages prior to that law, and while there was not much media coverage given to these people during Apartheid, their marriages were not automatically annulled.   Secondly, the law against mixed marriages did not apply to non-white people, and there were proportionally more interracial marriages between people classified as â€Å"native† (or African) and â€Å"Coloured† or Indian. While there were in effect mixed marriages, the law did not see them as interracial. Racial classification under Apartheid was based not on biology, but on social perception and one’s association. A woman who married a man of another race was, henceforth,  classified as being of his race. Her choice of husband defined her race. The exception to this was if a white man married a woman of another race. Then he took on her race. His choice had marked him, in the eyes of white Apartheid South Africa, as non-white. Thus, the law did not see these as interracial marriages, but there were marriages between people who prior to the passage of these laws had been considered to be of different races. Extra-Marital Interracial Relations Despite the loopholes created by pre-existing mixed marriages and non-white interracial marriages, the Prohibition Against Mixed Marriages and the Immorality Acts were strictly enforced. White people could not marry people of other races, and no interracial couples could engage in extra-marital sexual relations. Nonetheless, intimate and romantic relationships did develop between white and non-white or non-European individuals. For some individuals, the very fact that interracial relations were so taboo made them appealing, and people engaged in interracial sexual relations as a form of social rebellion or for the excitement it offered.  Interracial relations came with serious risks, though. The police followed people who were suspected of engaging in interracial relations. They raided homes in the night and inspected bed sheets and underwear, confiscating anything that they thought showed evidence of interracial relations.  Those found guilty of violating the Immorality Acts faced fines, jail time, and social censure. There were also long-term relationships that had to exist in secret or be camouflaged as other types of relationships. For instance, most domestic workers were African women, and so an interracial couple could camouflage their relations by the man hiring the woman as his maid, but rumors often spread and such couples were also harassed by the police. Any mixed-race children born to the woman would also provide clear evidence of an interracial relationship.   Post-Apartheid Interracial Marriages The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages and Immorality Acts were repealed in the mid-1980s during the loosening of Apartheid. In the initial years, interracial couples still faced significant social discrimination from all races, but interracial relations have become more common as the years pass.  In recent years, couples have reported far fewer social pressures or harassment.

Psychology (humanistic counseling) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychology (humanistic counseling) - Essay Example Even the most advanced computers have trouble understanding the meaning of a simple story or conversation. Cognitive psychologists have found similar complexity in other mental processes. Developmental Psychology is the studyofchangesin human behavior and thought from infancy to old age. Developmental psychology is the study of how people change over time, but it also investigates how and why certain characteristics remain consistent over the life course. A child changes dramatically in size, physical coordination, and thinking capacity while maturing into an adult, for example, but may also maintain the same basic temperament while growing up. Traditionally,developmental psychologists have focused on child development, believing that most formative experiences of life occur during infancy and childhood. The early years are indeed a time of extremely rapid development, when children acquire motor skills, thinking abilities, social skills, capacities for feeling and regulating emotion, and other characteristics that will last a lifetime. But psychologists have more recently turned their attention to adolescence and adulthood, recognizing that development continues throughout the life span. The study of adult development focuses on the unique experiences of this stage of life and examines how adults maintain and refine their capabilities as they age. Thestudyofhumandevelopment requires an especially broad and integrative approach. Thus, developmental psychology incorporates ideas from almost every other area of psychology, including social psychology, cognitive psychology, biopsychology, clinical psychology, and educational psychology. It also draws from many other fields concerned with human behavior. These include sociology, biology (especially genetics and evolutionary biology), anthropology, and economics. The variety of fields relevant to developmental psychology reflects the complexity of human growth and change.(Microsoft Encarta 2007 1993-2006 ) 3. Biological Psychology Biopsychology, is thescientificstudy of the biology of behavior and mental processes. People also refer to this field as biological psychology, psychobiology, behavioral biology, or behavioral neuroscience. Thetermbiopsychology denotes a biological approach to psychology, rather than a psychological approach to biology. Most biopsychologists are trained experimental psychologists who have brought their knowledge of biology to the study of psychological phenomena. These phenomena include behavior and underlying psychological processes, such as learning, memory, perception, attention, motivation, emotion, and cognition. Biopsychologistswork in a variety of overlapping fields of study. Scientists in cognitive neuroscience primarily study the brain to understand the neural mechanisms of mental processes. Researchers in the field of psychopharmacology examine how drugs affect the psychological functions of the brain. Scientists in the field of

Integrated Concept Process Model and School-to-Work Research Paper

Integrated Concept Process Model and School-to-Work - Research Paper Example They undertake these activities while being guided by professionals who have both knowledge and experience in education. The role of these professionals is mainly to assist the students to apply the skills they acquire in class in real-life situations. The students can derive from this kind of a scenario several benefits. One of these benefits is that a student can discover the challenges he might encounter in his professional occupation. They can also learn how the skills learnt in class are applied in real-life and the adjustments required in making them suite different situations. Moreover, they can understand the connection between various academic concepts and occupational concepts in their field of study (Erickson, 2002). Previous research indicate that students who move directly from a school-to-work program to employment have better chances of getting good jobs compared to other students (Stull & Sanders, 2003). Therefore, school-to-work curriculum assists a student in acquir ing a better job after graduating. Teaching lesson planning concept to education students The subject of effective instructional teaching is very crucial among all the students aspiring to become professional educators. The subject has several discipline-based concepts one of them being the concept of lesson planning. To teach this kind of concepts effectively, it is essential to develop a method that would be based on the school-to-work curriculum. The method I would use to teach this concept is the use of projects. The students would be expected to design and implement a lesson plan under my supervision or that of any other professional educator. To achieve the best possible result using this method I would design a rubric that would assist the students to understand what is required of them and assist the supervisors in helping students achieve highest standards possible in lesson planning. I expected that the teaching method would benefit my students in several ways. It would en able them to have the ability to effectively design and implement a lesson plan. It would equip them with knowledge on the challenges they might encounter in their career and thus help them prepare accordingly. Using this teaching method to teach the concept of lesson planning would enhance the students understanding of the concept and their ability to apply the concept in their specific area of specialization. According to Anderson (2009), a teaching method is effective only if it enhances students’ learning. The approach of teaching that this teaching method uses could enhance learning among students and therefore it is an effective teaching method. Evaluation of the implementation of the school-to-work curriculum School-to-work curriculum involves programs like youth apprenticeship, high school academies, tech-prep program, occupational academic clusters, and cooperative education (Bailey, 1995). Each of these programs has its own implementation approach in the specific si tuation in which they can be implemented successfully. However, currently all these programs can only be implemented only in the high school and college levels of education. The implementation of these programs also requires dedication of professionals as well as resources. Therefore, the implementation of school-to-work curriculum is a somehow cumbersome and thus requires collaboration of various stakeholders.

Literary analysis of antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary analysis of antigone - Essay Example Another theme depicted is the two types of law and justice which are the divine laws and the laws of men. The determination of the characters was also portrayed in Antigone, Creon and Ismene. A social drama was also presented regarding the issues of gender and the law. The issue of mortality is another theme in this trilogy, as shown in the suicides of Antigone, Haemon and Eurydice. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus and niece of Creon and the fiance of Haemon. She is the protagonist and tragic heroine in this play. Her character exemplifies one of fierce devotion to her family and loyalty to the gods. She buries her brother, Polyneices thereby disobeying Creon’s order. Her hamartia or tragic flaw in her character is her stubborn loyalty to her family and the gods that brings her to her tragic death. Antigone’s character is also a symbol of the feminine revolt. Despite Ismene’s explanation that they are just women and therefore should not go against men, Antigon e still insisted in burying Polyneices. Creon is the king of Thebes and the uncle of Antigone. Creon is the absolute tyrant and the antagonist in the play. He favors the rational laws of man as opposed to the laws of the gods. His hamartia or tragic error is his stubborn allegiance to the laws of man. His hubris or pride is also a flaw in his character.

Approaches to Flat Slab Design

Approaches to Flat Slab Design Abstract This dissertation aims at the flexure behaviour of reinforced concrete flat slabs in the elastic range and at the ultimate load. As such, it endeavours to give readers a thorough knowledge of the fundamentals of slab behaves in flexure. Such a background is essential for a complete and proper understanding of building code requirements and design procedures for flexure behaviour of slabs. The dissertation commences with a general history background and the advantages of using flat slab as the type of floor construction. After that, an introduction of various slabs analysis method as well as the determination of the distribution of moments using elastic theory will be discussed. The building code based methods like ACI direct design method, Simplified coefficient method for BS8110 and EC2 and Equivalent frame method will be explained in details. After that follows a detailed of limit procedures for the ultimate analysis and design of flat slab using general lower bound theory for strip method and upper bound theory for yield line analysis. Besides, the fundamental of the finite element method will be discussed as well. Then, analysis will be carried out on a typical flat slab panel base on each design approach available such as yield line method, simplified coefficient method, direct design method, finite element method as well as Hillerborg strip method. The flexure resistant obtained from the analysis result will then be compared among each others and highlighting the possible pros and cons of the different analysis. Eventually, the analysis results will then be discussed in order to conclude a rational approach to flat slab design and further recommendation will be given to the future improvement of this research. 1. Introduction Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world compare to steel as concrete is well known as the most versatile and durable construction materials. In fact, concrete is also one of the most consumed substances on Earth after water [1]. Concrete has played a major role in the shaping of our civilization since 7,000 BC, and it can be seen everywhere in our built environment, being used in hospitals, residential buildings, schools, offices, industrial buildings and others [2]. Nowadays, construction should not just be about achieving the cheapest building possible, but providing best value for the client. The best value may be about costs, but also includes speed of construction, robustness, durability, sustainability, spacious environment, etc. In fact, many type of concrete floor construction can easily fulfilled the above requirements. In the past, forming the concrete floor construction into shape was potentially the most costly and labour intensive part of the process. Nowadays, with the help of modern high efficiency modular formwork has speed up the concrete floor construction process. Alternatively, floor slab elements may be factory precast, requiring only assembly, or stitching together with in-situ elements. The result is an economic and swift process, capable of excellent quality and finishes to suit the buildings needs. 1.1 Types of concrete slab construction Concrete slab floor is one of the key structural elements of any building. Concrete floor choice and design can have a surprisingly influential role in the performance of the final structure of the building, and importantly will also influence people using the building. In general, cost alone should not dictate slab floor choice in the construction. However, many issues should be considered when choosing the optimum structural solution and slab floor type that give best value for the construction and operational stages. The optimum slab floor option should inherit benefits such as fabric energy storage, fire resistance and sound insulation between floors and others as achieving these requirements will eventually help the concrete building to lower the operation costs and maintenance requirement in long term. In general, reinforced concrete slab floors can be divided into three categories as detailed below: Flat slab Flat slab is also referred to as beamless slab or flat plate. The slab systems are a subset of two-way slab family, meaning that the system transfer the load path and deforms in two directions. It is an extremely simple structure in concept and construction, consisting of a slab of uniform thickness supported directly by the columns with no intermediate beams, as shown in Figure 1.1. The choice of flat slab as building floor system is usually a matter of the magnitude of the design loading and of the spans. The capacity of the slab is usually restricted by the strength in punching shear at the sections around the columns. Generally, column capitals and drop panels will be used within the flat slab system to avoid shear failure at the column section when larger loads and span are present, as shown in Figure 1.2. Figure 1.1: Solid flat slab Figure 1.2: Solid flat slab with drop panel Flat slab is a highly versatile element widely used in construction due to its capability of providing minimum depth, fast construction and allowing a flexible column grid system. Slabs supported on beams One-way spanning slabs are generally rectangular slabs supported by two beams at the opposite edges and the loads are transferring in one direction only. Figure 1.3 shows the type of one-way slabs. Deep beam and slab Band beam and slab Figure 1.3: Type of one-way slabs However, slab supported on beams on all sides of each panel are generally termed two-way slabs, and a typical floor is shown in Figure 1.4. Figure 1.4: Two-way slab The beams supporting the slabs can generally be wide and flat or narrow and deep beam, depending on the structures requirements. Beams supporting the slabs in one or two way spanning slabs tend to span between columns or walls and can be simply supported or continuous. In this beam-slabs system, it is quite easy to visualize the path from the load point to column as being transferred from slab to beam to column, and from this visualization then to compute realistic moments and shears for design of all members. This form of construction is commonly used for irregular grids and long spans, where flat slabs are unsuitable. It is also good for transferring columns, walls or heavy point loads to columns or walls below. This method is time consuming during the construction stage as formwork tends to be labour intensive [3]. Ribbed and Coffered slabs Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band or deep beams running between columns with equal depth narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. Loads are transferring in one direction and a thin topping slab completes the system, see Figure 1.5. Ribbed with deep beam Ribbed with wide beam Figure 1.5: Types of ribbed slabs Coffered slab may be visualized as a set of crossing joists, set at small spacing relative to the span, which support a thin slab on top. The recesses in the slab usually cast using either removable or expendable forms in order to reduce the weight of the slab and allow the use of a large effective depth without associated with slab self weight. The large depth also helps to stiffer the structure. Coffered slabs are generally used in situations demanding spans larger than perhaps about 10m. Coffered slabs may be designed as either flat slabs or two-way slabs, depending on just which recesses are omitted to give larger solid areas. Figure 1.6 shows the types of waffle slabs. Coffered slab with wide beam Coffered slab without beam Figure 1.6: Type of coffered slabs Ribbed and coffered slabs construction method provides a lighter and stiffer slab, reducing the extent of foundations. They provide a very good form where slab vibration is an issue, such as electronic laboratories and hospitals. On the other hand, ribbed and coffered slabs are very consuming during the construction stage as formwork tends to be labour intensive [3]. 1.2 Flat slab design as the choice of research The choice of type of slab for a particular floor depends on many factors. Cost of construction is one of the important considerations, but this is a qualitative argument until specific cases are discussed. The design loads, serviceability requirements, required spans, and strength requirement are all important. Recently, solid flat slab is getting popular in the construction industry in Europe and UK due to the advantages as below: Faster construction Construction of flat slabs is one of the quickest methods among the other type of floors in construction. The advantages of using flat slab construction are becoming increasingly recognised. Flat slabs without drops (thickened areas of slab around the columns to resist punching shear) can be built faster because formwork is simplified and minimised, and rapid turn-around can be achieved using a combination of early striking and flying systems. The overall speed of construction will then be limited by the rate at which vertical elements can be cast [4]. Reduced services and cladding costs Flat slab construction places no restrictions on the positioning of horizontal services (eg. mechanical and electrical services which mostly running across the ceiling) and partitions and can minimise floor-to-floor heights when there is no requirement for a deep false ceiling. In other words, this helps to lower building height as well as reduced cladding costs and prefabricated services [4]. Flexibility for the occupier Flat slab construction offers considerable flexibility to the occupier who can easily alter internal layouts to accommodate changes in the use of the structure. This flexibility results from the use of a square or near-square grid and the absence of beams, downstands or drops that complicate the routing of services and location of partitions [4]. Undoubtedly, flat slab construction method is getting popular but there are still many different views about what constitutes the best way of reinforcing concrete in order to get the most economic construction. In addition, a range of methods is available for designing the flat slab and analysing them in flexure at ultimate state. Different analysis and design methods can easily result in variety of different reinforcement arrangements within a single slab, with consequent of making the different assumptions in each analysis and design method. Therefore, this research project will concentrate in examining the various analysis methods for the design of flexural reinforcement of reinforce flat slabs in terms of the code provisions, yield line analysis as well as finite element analysis method. 1.3 Research objectives Reinforced concrete slabs are among the most common structural elements, but despite the large number of slabs designed and built, the details of elastic and plastic behaviour of slabs are not always appreciated or properly taken into account especially for flat slab system. This happens at least partially because of the complexities of mathematic when dealing with elastic plate equations, especially for support conditions which realistically approximate those in multi-panel building floor slabs. Because the theoretical analysis of slabs or plates is much less widely known and practiced than is the analysis of elements such as beams, the provisions in building codes generally provide both design criteria and methods of analysis for slabs, whereas only criteria are provided for most other elements. For example, Chapter 13 of the 1995 edition of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, one of the most widely used Codes for concrete design, is devoted largely to the determination of moments in slab structure. Once moments, shear, and torques are found, sections are proportioned to resist them using the criteria specified in other sections of the same code [5]. The purpose of this research project is to examine the analysis methods such as Hillerborgs strip, yield line analysis, equivalent frame method, finite element method and etc. particularly for the design flexural reinforcement of reinforced flat slabs, and meanwhile to gain full understanding of the theories. The different analysis methods will then be analysed and compared with the flexural capacity method calculated using general codes of ACI 318 [5], Eurocode 2 [6] and BS8110 [7]. The outcomes of the comparison will lead to highlight the pros and cons of different approaches and codes paving the way to find out a rational approach for the flat slab design in flexure. The main objectives of the proposed research are: To examine the different methods and codes use to handle the flexural capacity of the slab. To outlined the different positive and negative aspect in a specific code or method of design To gain full understanding of the flexural design theories and code requirements. To highlight the most economical design solution to overcome the flexure in a flat slab while maintaining the safety as code requirements. 1.4 Research dissertation methodology The following will be the proposed methodology of the research dissertation: Background of flat slab in construction industry Research of the evolution of flat slabs in the past decades and the major contributions made for the construction industry. Difficulties faced during the flexure design of flat slabs in the past and the possible solution for the problems will be discussed. This part of research process result in closer to the background history and the revolution of flat slab in construction. Overview of flat slab design methods Examine each design approaches used to design for flexure in flat slab such as yield line analysis, Hillerborgs strip method, the simplified coefficient method for BS8110 or Eurocode 2 and direct design method for ACI. An insight into different methods and codes will help to establish and revise the general code provisions and also gain the full understanding of theory and design of flat slab. Analysis of flat slab with different approaches Different analysis and design approaches for flexural reinforcement of RC flat slabs will be performed based on the same model slab. For instance, finite element computer software packages will be used to perform the finite element analysis. This part will eventually provide a deep understanding of various design methods as well as the ability to use finite element software in analysis and design. Research the flexural pros and cons in a flat slab among each design methods to get the rational design approach. Discussion The numerical analysis results obtain from different design methods and the codes will be discussed and compare among each others and also to the experimental results obtain in the previous research papers such as Engineering journals and other relevant engineering sources. This process will ultimately lead to a proper and systematic comparison of the codes and methods used, and highlighting their pros and cons. Conclusion This part will conclude the discussion on advantages and disadvantages of all the examined design methods trying to establish which design method may result in a more economic and rational solution. Furthermore recommendations if required and the possible future areas of research will be brought up. 1.5 Dissertation layout Chapter 2 Overview of Design This section will cover the brief of the evolution of flat slabs history. Brief introduction to the current codes for flat slab design such as American Concrete Institute ACI-318, British Standard BS8110 and Eurocode 2. In addition, the fundamental of analysis and flexure strength requirement of each code will be briefly described. Brief introduction to design methods and history of yield line analysis, Hillerborgs strip method and finite element analysis in the slab flexure design. Chapter 3, Analysis Introduction of the analysis process and assumption made for each analysis methods. Focusing on different numerical aspects of the design under different codes and approaches. This section will provide deep understanding of various design methods and how the methods deal with the flat slab flexure problem. Chapter 4, Discussion Comparison between different code equations and theories. Various numerical result from different approaches will be compared and discussed based on the experimental results from past research papers. Pros and cons of different methods for design codes (eg. ACI, EC2 and BS8110), Hillerborg strip method, yield line analysis Graphs and tables will be available to show the summary of the results from different methods. Chapter 5, Conclusion Summarise the economic and rational flexural design approach for flat slab Further recommendations 2. Overview of Design Method The aim of chapter 2 is to provide an overview of the current practice of the design of reinforced concrete flat slab systems. General code of practice of ACI 318, EC2 and BS 8110 requirements are presented, along with the brief of the ACI direct design method, EC2/BS8110 simplified coefficient method, equivalent frame method, yield line, Hillerborgs strip method as well as finite element method. Each procedure and the limitations are discussed within. The following discussion is limited to flat slab systems. That is, the design methodologies presented below relate only to slabs of constant thickness without drop panels, column capitals, or edge beams. In addition, prestressed concrete is not considered. 2.1 Approaches to the analysis and design of flat slab There are a number of possible approaches to the analysis and design of reinforced concrete flat slab systems. The various approaches available are elastic theory, plastic analysis theory, and modifications to elastic theory and plastic analysis theory as in the codes (eg. ACI Code [5]). All these methods can be used to analyse the flat slab system to determine either the stresses in the slabs and the supporting system or load-carrying capacity. Alternatively, these methods can be used to determine the distribution of moments to allow the reinforcing steel and concrete sections to be designed. 2.1.1 Elastic theory analysis Conventional elastic theory analysis applies to isotropic slabs that are sufficiently thin for shear deformations to be insignificant and sufficiently thick for in-plane forces to be unimportant. The majority floor slabs fall into the range in which conventional elastic theory is applicable. The distribution moments forces found by elastic theory is such that: Satisfied the equilibrium conditions at every point in the slab Compliance with the boundary conditions Stress is proportional to strain; also, bending moments are proportional to curvature The governing equation is a fourth-order partial differential equation in terms of the slab deflection of the slab at general point on the slab, the loading on the slab, and the flexural rigidity of the slab section. This equation is complicated to solve in many realistic cases, when considering the effects of deformations of the supporting system. However, numerous analytical techniques have been developed to obtain the solution. In particular, the use of finite difference or finite element (FE) methods enables elastic theory solutions to be obtained for slab systems with any loading or boundary conditions [8]. Nowadays, with the advancement of computer technology software, designer can easily obtained the bending and torsional moments and shear forces throughout the slab easily with any finite element software packages such as ANSYS, LUSAS, STAAD PRO, SAP2000 and others. 2.1.2 Plastic analysis The plasticity, redistribution of moments and shears away from elastic theory distribution can occur before the ultimate load is reached. This redistribution occur because for typical reinforced concrete section there is little change in moment with curvature once tension steel has reached the yield strength. Therefore, when the most highly stressed sections of slab reach the yield moment they tend to maintain a moment capacity that is close to the flexural strength with further increase in curvature, while yielding of the slab reinforcement spreads to other section of the slab with further increase in load. To determine the load carrying capacity of rigid-plastic members, two principles are used as below: Lower Bound Theorem states that if for any load a stress distribution can be found which both satisfies all equilibrium conditions and nowhere violates yield conditions, then the load cannot cause collapse. The most commonly used approach is Hillerborgs Strip method [9]. Upper Bound Theorem states that if a load is found which corresponds to any assumed collapse mechanism, then the load must be equal to or greater than the true collapse. Finding a load which may be greater than the collapse load may be considered to be an unsafe method; however, because of membrane action in the slab and the strain hardening of the reinforcement after yielding, the actual collapse load tends to be much higher. The commonly used approach of this method is yield line theory [9]. 2.2 Early History and Design Philosophies Credit for inventing the flat slab system is given to C.A.P. Turner for a system describe in the Engineering News in October 1905. However, the first practical flat slabs structure, Johnson-Bovey Building was built in 1906 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by C.A.P. Turner. It was a completely new form of construction, and in addition there was no acceptable method of analysis available at that time. The structure was built at Turners risk and load-tested before hand in to the owner. The structure met its load test requirements hence the flat slab system was an instant commercial success and many were built in the United States later on [10]. Robert Maillart was also one of the founding fathers of flat slab from Europe, a design-and-built contractor who was perhaps better known for his work on the design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge. In 1908 Malliart carried out a series of full-scale tests on his flat slab system, see Figure 2.1. About the same time, Arthur Lord, a research fellow at the University of Illinois, also became interested in understanding how flat slabs behaved. In 1911, Lord obtained approval to instrument and test load a seven-storey flat slab building in Chicago. The view and work by them paves the way for the development of flat slabs. Their work evolved into a codified method of design and in 1930 became the London Building Act [11]. Then, Robert Malliarts dimensioning method is reviewed and compared with methods of elastic plate theory and plastic analysis. When compared the results with as elastic analysis, Malliart method considerably underestimate the bending moments acting for the flat slabs. However, the comparison made on limit analysis procedures, Malliarts design is still within the reasonable safety margins [12]. Figure 2.1: First test on flat slabs carried out in 1908 at Maillart Co. works in Zurich [11] In 1878, Grashoff have tried to use polynomial approximation deflection function to work out the flat slab design but was unsuccessful to satisfy certain boundary conditions. At that time, concrete flat slab was emerged in the use as boiler cover plates for steam engines. Due to this problem, in 1872, Lavoinne was forced to work out the flat slab using the Fourier series. Lavoinne assumed a uniformely load is loaded on an infinite large plate and the plate is under simply supported conditions. In this assumption, Lavoinne neglected the poissons effect but Grashoff did consider [12]. Maillart was aware of Grashoffs approach but he thought that it was useless for his purpose because it was restricted to uniformly distributed loads and did not account for the stiffening effect of columns. Based on simple equilibrium considerations, Nicholas managed to prove that all these systems resulted insufficient reinforcement [12]. In the year of 1921, Westergaard and Slater managed to develop a new flat slab theory by comparing the theory results to the available experimental results at that time. In the theory, the stiffening effects due to the presence of columns under different load condition were discussed. Marcus had considered this theory later on by applying finite differences approach; Marcus assumed few different boundary conditions and loads. During the past, due to the absence of a proper theory for flat slab design in Germany hence flat slab construction was almost impossible to be carried out. After sometime later, requirements for the flat slab design theory were established. This theory again mentioned that the design moment must follow Lewes theory (1920, 1922) or theory developed by Marcus (1924). [12]. 2.2.1 Robert Maillarts Contribution In 1902, Maillart has successfully developed dimensioning procedure to design a flat slab. This method was used and succeeds in building few numbers of large flat slabs structure. Due to the absence of strict construction rules in Switzerland, Maillart managed to design flat slab by considering the principle of superposition and successfully performed several arbitrary loads testing on flat slabs. Maillart derived the flexure moments at intermediate points by multiplying the flexural stiffness of the slab with the respective curvatures. The curvatures were derived using the double differentiation of the eight-order polynomial functions meanwhile the flexural stiffness of the slab was analysed using simple one way flexure test on respective slab strips [12]. Maillarts reinforcement pattern for flat slab was very close to the current design approaches. Maillarts method required to reinforce the slab in only two directions. However, C.A.P. Turner insisted to reinforce the slab in four directions (see section 2.2.2 for details). Maillart dimensioning procedure emphasised in designing for positive moments at three different locations labeled as O, Q, and C in Figure 2.2 (where O at the midspan, Q at the quarter point of transverse span l2, and C in the column axis). Negative moments were not checked in Maillart dimensioning procedure and all the bottom bars were simply bent up in the columns strips. In this method, the span ratios, size of column capital and the minimum height of the column capital were restricted to certain values, limiting the nominal shear stress at the circumference of the column to a permissible value [12]. Figure 2.2: Robert Maillarts system and notation for plan view [12] Later, Maillarts results were found underestimated with elastic analysis method. In addition, Maillarts method predicts a reduction in average moment value corresponding to span ratio while elastic plate theory remaining constant. Maillarts method underestimated elastic moments especially for a very large slab structure. In other words, Maillarts dimensioning method has significant differences with elastic analysis procedure in the flexure result of slab [12]. Since Maillarts dimensioning method ignored the negative moments hence this worries the designer when came to the safety of the slab design. In conclusion, Maillart underestimated the moments compared to the elastic analysis on the other hand similar approach to the limit analysis [12]. 2.2.2 C.A.P. Turners Concept Turner never published complete details of his design methods in order to maintain a competitive advantage in the design industry. However, some insights of Turners conceptual design of his flat slabs are available in his patent applications (C.A.P. Turner, Steel Skeleton and Concrete Construction and Elasticity, structure and strength of materials used in engineering.) [10]. In fact, Turners principle design was more concerned about shear in flat slabs as stated by him, Beside the unreliability of concrete in tension, it is unreliable in shear in its partially cured condition. This renders desirable use of reinforcement near the columns or supports to take care of shear [10]. In Turners principle, a so called Mushroom heads or cantilever caps were designed to provide shear resistance in flat slabs. As quoted by Turner, heads may be constructed in accordance with the shearing strain. The diameter of cantilever head was about one-half of the span length. Turner presumed the reinforcement cage acted as part of cantilever support to the slab [10]. Figure 2.3 is an example of the cantilever support mentioned by Turner. Figure 2.3: C.A.P. Turner, mushroom or cantilever shear head [10] Besides shear, Turner also focused on moments and used a four way reinforcement which also known as reinforcement belts, see Figure 2.4. These belts have the same width as that of the cantilever shear head. Turner believed that the positive moments were small due to the cantilever support which is stated as, Referring to flat central plate, or the suspended slab portion, there is practically no bending moment at the center [10]. Figure 2.4: C.A.P. Turners four belt floor reinforcement system [10] Also, Turner believed reinforced the slab in four directions (four belt floor reinforcement system) would provide the moment resistance to counter the negative moments at supports. With these conceptions, Turner considered a very small total design moment to proportion the flexural steel in the four belts. Turner simplified the equation as following: (1) where, W = total dead and live load in one bay L = nominal dimensions in one bay As = total flexural steel, distributed among the four belts fs = allowable steel stress d = distance to tension reinforcement Turner used the co-efficient of 1/50 for equation (1) above reference to Grashoff (1878) and to Prof. Henry T. Eddy (1899) from University of Minnesota. In fact, Turner decided to use such a small coefficient due to the consideration of shorter effective span between cantilever heads. Moreover Turner also considered the slab spanning continuously instead of simply supported design. Numerous experiments data performed by Turner proved that such a coefficient was sufficient for flexure resistant. Besides, the use of cantilever head lead to the unnecessary of drop panels in Turners concept. Turners design concept has successfully built many buildings and bridges from year 1905 to 1909 [10]. 2.3 Current Methods of Flat Slab Design 2.3.1 American Concrete Institute (ACI) American Concrete Institute (ACI) is one of the oldest codes and widely been used to design for reinforced concrete structures. The code covers a number of methods to design a flat slab system. The design of structural concrete is dictated by Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (ACI 318R-05). The ACI code contains procedure for the design of uniformly loaded reinforced concrete flat slab floors. These methods are direct design techniques and equivalent frame method. All these methods are based on analytical studies of the distribution of moments using elastic theory and strength using yield line theory, the results of tests on

Ethnographic Paper :: essays papers

Ethnographic Paper The Pleasure of Pain These days anything can be considered art. The structure of a building, the human body, music on the radio, love, Versaci’s new line of winter, and pretty transvestites walking down the street are just a few of hundreds of thousands of examples. That kind of art is overrated. Most of these only exist because of society. As people grow and change so does the values and traditions that they are accustomed to. True art hangs on the walls of museums all over the world. Paintings by Monet, Da Vinci, and Picasso represent all that can be made beautiful by a man’s touch. The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian word tattau, which means ‘to tap,’ and can be traced back through a part of history. The art of tattoos has been evident since ancient Egypt and more than 1,500 years ago the Japanese marked criminals as a symbol of shame for their punishment (Britannica, 2000). In the nineteenth century tattoos were viewed as frightful and grotesque, but as the twentieth c entury rolled by technology gave way to the trend. The electric needle created a sense of precision and control. This is how the various designs developed and tattooing became more about expression, rather than branding. It is a guarantee that tattoo and piercing artists can be found by the thousands in a metropolitan city. Their form of art may be simpler to an extent, but it has been growing in popularity for years. By using the body as a gateway for expression, people can present themselves in a new light, and as a mean for recreating their image. The concept of transferring art on paper to the body for the mere purpose of self-pleasure is attracting all types of people. It is impossible to walk through a mall without spotting people of all ages with this type of branding. â€Å" Young adults have accepted this practice as a normal part of their culture. You can’t escape it.† Says Walter Hewitt, who recently completed a 19-school study on tattoos and piercing (Vogel, 2000). There are big ones, small ones, tasteful ones, tacky ones, and probably some temporary ones, and because tattooing is forever and also carries a mental heath risk known as regret, the decision to get one shouldn’t be taken lightly. The customer is very vulnerable when entering a tattoo and piercing parlor, because all their trust for a good product is put in the hands of the artist.

Responsible Borrowing Worksheet Essay

Many students borrow federal student loans to pay for college. The goal of this assignment is to help you learn how to borrow responsibly, which may mean that you do not borrow at all or that you borrow only what you truly need. To borrow responsibly, you must understand your options and establish a financial plan for your entire program. With that plan in place, you can then focus on your classes and making connections with instructors and other students. Step 1 Watch the â€Å"Responsible Borrowing (Financial Aid)† video on the orientation website located here: http://www.phoenix.edu/student-orientation.html. Respond to the following questions: What is financial aid? Financial Aid is any grant or scholarship, loan, or paid employment offered to help a student meet his/her college expenses. Such aid is usually provided by various sources such as federal and state agencies, colleges, high schools, foundations, and corporations. How do grants differ from loans? Grants are money you don’t have to repay and are usually based on your financial need while loans are money you borrow that you must pay back, usually with interest costs. The major grants are Cal Grants, federal Pell Grants and some smaller federal grants What effect does class attendance have on funding availability? Students must attend school continuously, with no attendance breaks greater than 14 days, to retain disbursed federal financial aid funds. A leave of absence must be requested and approved if a student requires more than 14 days away from class. Step 2 Navigate to the Personal Finance category of the GEN/127 PhoenixConnect Community. Explore the resources provided and some of the discussions shared by the community members. Respond to the following questions: What did you find about student loan repayment plans? I found out that there are interests rates that cling to the loan and also you should pay close attention to the money you burrow in unsubsidized and subsidized loans because you will have to pay that back and also may sure you keep up with how much your borrowing and the dates that you will have to start repaying, you don’t want them to go into default. Why is having an educational financial plan important? You will need this so you can map out how much needs to be funded for your course and class, its very vital you pay attention to this because you could end up not having enough, thesethings you want to plan out and make sure of so you wont have any bumps or faults along the way. Step 3 Access the Financial Plan at www.phoenix.edu/financialplan. Enter your program and respond to the questions. Explore the information about options for payment, reducing cost, and military students (if applicable). If you have already completed the plan as part of the enrollment process, you can use those results for this step. Based on this plan, what is your estimated monthly payment when you enter repayment? My estimated monthly repayment fee is $56 a month. As a result of completing the plan, what changes can you make to reduce the amount you may borrow? Why? I can check for the cost of the classes so I wont borrow so much, just what I need to pay the cost of each class that way I wont over draw.

Thoreau Our Hero essays

Thoreau Our Hero essays Save the Whales! Protect Wildlife! Save the Rain Forest! Defend our Natural Resources! These would all be sentences frequently heard from Henry David Thoreau in modern America. He would also maintain a career and offside activities. Henry David Thoreau, in modern America, would be an activist and writer; details from Walden and Civil Disobedience shall support his idea. Once a writer always a writer, Thoreau would be a writer in modern America. Thoreau wrote his books in the mid-1800s were typically about natural observation, social criticism, and philosophical insight, these things are very visible today. Thoreau would also participate in several demonstrations either for saving an extinct animal or a component of nature. The book Civil Disobedience shows some evidence to help establish this thought with The objections which have brought against a standing army is only an arm of the standing government. Thoreau would have strongly disagreed with the Alaskan Pipe Line for the reason that it involved superfluous digging on a nature preserve. This is apparent in his book Walden when he says Instead of three meals a day, if it be necessary eat but one... meaning ration the oil. Thoreau would live either in Alaska or Montana in an isolated area far away from a bustling town. He in all probability would live on a ranch or farm. On his land, there would most likely be some type of creek or pond. This is all evident in his book Walden due to the statement, its complete retirement, being about two miles from the village, half a mile from the nearest neighbor, and separated from the highway by a broad field; its bounding on the river... Henry David Thoreau would be a prolific writer, demanding activist and a farming mastermind, and would flourish in modern America. This is all apparent in his books Walden and Civil Disobedience. The Wildlife Lovers Association would adore him. The politicians would...

7 Types of Euphemism

7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism By Mark Nichol Euphemisms, words or phrases that substitute for provocative or emotionally charged terms, are employed for various reasons: 1. Abstraction: Some euphemisms serve to distance people from unpleasant or embarrassing truths, as when we say that a dead person passed away or a celebrity who has canceled an appearance is suffering from exhaustion. 2. Indirection: A euphemism may replace an explicit description of an action, as when people speak of going to the bathroom or of others sleeping together. 3. Litotes: Sometimes, euphemism occurs in the form of this rhetorical device in which the gravity or force of an idea is softened or minimized by a double negative, as in the reference to someone as being not unattractive. 4. Mispronunciation: Alteration of pronunciation is a form of euphemism, as when we say frigging or shoot, or jeez or cripes, so as not to offend people by using profanity (figurative or literal). These types of euphemisms, involving rhyme, alliteration, or shortening, are also called minced oaths. 5. Modification: A bluntly offensive noun can be transformed into a euphemism by converting it to an adjective, as in saying someone has socialist leanings rather than labeling them a socialist outright. 6. Personification: One form of euphemism is when things that some people prefer not to mention candidly, such as genitals, are assigned personal names. (I will go beyond euphemism and let readers think of examples on their own.) 7. Slang: Much of slang, derived to produce a vocabulary exclusive to a social group, is euphemism, as in the use of joint for marijuana (itself a slang term, derived from the Spanish names Mary and Juana closely related to â€Å"Mary Jane,† yet another euphemism). Corporations and government bureaucracies, including military services, are masters are creating euphemisms of abstraction and indirection such as pre-owned for used, effluent for pollution, and â€Å"collateral damage† in place of â€Å"accidental killing.† Euphemism is also often employed in an attempt to make polite reference to physical or psychological disability, though some people argue that while a trend toward ever more euphemistic language seems to accord people so labeled more respect, euphemism can also diminish the public perception of the seriousness of the condition. Not all euphemism is deplorable, but much of it is, and writers and editors must search their consciences and uphold their principles in deciding whether to couch terms or whether to use straightforward language. Although an increased likelihood of euphemism seems to correlate with the extent of distribution of a publication, it is also often true that the more widespread the readership of a publication, the safer it is for those who produce its content to be blunt and honest. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict15 Great Word Games25 Favorite Portmanteau Words

Crisis Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crisis Management Paper - Essay Example An important question faced by governments and democracies is whether this change from crisis management as the politics of exception to crisis management as part of regular politics may require different political arrangements: in the relation between the executive and legislative branches of government, for example, and regarding questions such as whether more stringent policy coordination is required, whether we need better communication and interaction with the public, and whether we need different modes of intergovernmental cooperation. The particular policies defining staff duties in hotels will vary somewhat, as will the moral orientations of the supervisors, and the nature of the clientele and "intruders" encountered, but from the security officer's perspective, keeping order is characterized by two major elements. The first and most apparent responsibility is that of "protecting hotel guests, staff, and property from theft or other abuse." Secondly, the security officer is expected to operate in a "public relations capacity;" to help make the guests' stays pleasant and to maintain a respectable image of the hotel. While much more important than might first seem, this second concern has profound implications for the management of trouble. It places limitations on the ways in which security officers may respond to troublesome persons, suggesting that deviance be handled informally and as unobtrusively as possible. Perceiving hotel security to be disadvantaged relative to the authority of peace officers and more r esponsible for public relations, security people (and their employers) place considerable emphasis on abilities to handle incidents with a minimum of physical force. Keeping a Clear Lobby: the lobby areas of hotels can represent difficult places in which to keep order. Thus, in addition to the possible confusions which may result from guests (and their children) checking in and out of the hotel with baggage and other belongings, security officers frequently have unwelcome entrants such as drunks and vagrants, hookers and hustlers, and other loiterers Dealing with Room Trouble: Trouble in the rooms involves the guests in some respect, but the knowledge that trouble is taking place in these locations is of limited value in predicting its form. Thus, while noise, drug use, theft, and vandalism are among the more common sources of trouble, guests may also call security in matters pertaining to physical violence, accidents, sicknesses, and misplaced items. The staff should be hired to keep a note on things in the rooms as the customer prepares to leave, further there should be clear notice inside the room regarding things not to do. Hijacking The pilot is the prime player in the hijack situation because he controls the aircraft and the crew. The first concern the pilot has, after ensuring the safety of his passengers, crew, and aircraft, is to advise the ground authorities that he has been hijacked.

Nursing and Human Resource Sector of the Health Care Industry Assignment

Nursing and Human Resource Sector of the Health Care Industry - Assignment Example The present research has identified that there is a rising cost of providing healthcare to over 230,000 individuals, a task that is making hard for the health care system to retain and attract employers who are discouraged by the premium costs. The employers are facing the effect of having to reduce or absolutely not offering any health care benefits to the employees. The Mercy Health plans are also finding it very difficult to get a local health plan for the employers. There is also the issue of competitors who offer national health plans and worse, they have a large share of the market. As such, the mercy health plan has to strategize themselves so as to face the existing competition in the market. Among the solutions considered by the Mercy Health Plans in the face of the problem of attracting employers into their health plans, they have decided to attract employers through offering them more attractive health plans that apply to the long-term relationship they have with their emp loyee. They encourage the senior management teams of the employers to take up their health plans in order to solve this problem. This is in opposition to the selection of short-term health care plans by the senior management. This is because the short-term health plans tend to be a source of cost shifting solution to the employer and mostly offered by consumer-directed programs for health benefits. Further, the mercy health plan realizes that they have to design a health program that would cover the overall health of the entire population. This includes the consumers that do not have a high risk of healthcare complications and their probabilities of getting sick is also low. As such, it is possible that the Mercy Health plan can reduce the cost of health and attract more employers.

What make Abraham Lincoln an American Research Paper

What make Abraham Lincoln an American - Research Paper Example Varying aspects define America and as such define what Abraham as an American was. However, of surety is the fact that great Americans of all times have been described or defined by certain of these characteristics. This paper establishes the characters, which defined him to be a great American of all the times. The analysis of Abraham Lincoln as a great American revolves around the definition of Americanism to allude to great conviction or attitude that has special attention ascribed to the nation, US culture, political interest as well as the national interest of the great American state. Therefore, this paper has special attention in the deep political convictions and great oratory competence that saw him rise to the height of his political career and life as the sixteenth US president. To be specific, Abraham was described by his stern stand against slavery and discrimination, which has a great attention in what, defines the United States. His rise to power for instance signaled the divide, which saw the northern states as well as the Northern states separate on the bases of support of or against slavery. The Southern had great regard to slave and slave trade which according to Abraham created class divide among the Americans and which he strictly opposed. His governance was therefore characterized by the great opposition from the political elites who advocated for the class divisions as against the sovereignty of all Americans; the free and the slaves. In a century and over time in the history of America, Abraham Lincoln continues to have great perception amongst the American natives as well as across the globe. Penn Schoen Berland conducted a study to establish the perceptions of Americans towards Abraham and found out among other things that he is perceived to have been the best as well as most influential US president that has ever been. However, there were still a number who opposed the opinion and even lesser number having no knowledge about Abraham L incoln. In fact, a good percentage of the Americans in the current time reason that president Obama compares to some extent with Abraham Lincoln though not to a matching degree where there is still the perception that Abraham stands out against the current president in matters off ideal as well as leadership. In many aspects, among the legendary American heroes, Abraham Lincoln is depicted as being the ‘American original’ from his deep conviction of the sovereignty of the state and all the inhibitors, not defined by race or state of life; slaves and or free (Penn, 2-4). In an evaluation to his life, much lays an inspiration to many following his determination to hail from a very humble background and to forge his way to the highest office in the land and to command great leadership of all the time. His ambition and great determination, which saw him, uphold great integrity are among the basic traits that illustrated the great ‘American’ in him. He represent ed the ‘self made’ person of his time as the nobility in his character is often described. Though he was raised from a poor background, he struggled his way through academics through self-sponsorship, which led him to his law career. Having been brought up in the countryside by his step mother (having lost own mother at the age of 9 years), Lincoln had great determination to acquire formal education. Despite the great challenges that came his way, his staunch determination saw him rise to the House of Commons and thus engaged in his political career (Abraham Lincoln, para 1). It is within his service in the state legislature of Illinois that he started voicing his against slavery, not only

Can Globalization Be Reversed Essay Example for Free

Can Globalization Be Reversed Essay With the coming of the industrial age, the wheel of progress turned. Factory based mass production replaced independent artisans, who now worked for business firms (Volti, 2009, p. 187). The workers became dependant on businesses to provide facilities to work in, tools to work with, and wages to take home, creating a society of employees (Volti, 2009, p. 187). Since work and income was now dependant on the factories, workers need to find homes in relative proximity, thus leading to higher density of individuals within the urban areas surrounding the manufacturing centers. With urbanization came a need for production and transportation of food to the growing cities. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, this food was generally produced locally on the surrounding farmlands with only the occasional delicacy imported from a foreign land. While factory work was hard and the hours long, people chose it over subsistence farming as it lead to a better standard of living for themselves and their offspring. Bertha Black remembers her family’s move to a mill town: We all went to work, in the Amazon Cotton Mill and we all worked there all our lives. We were all anxious to go to work because, I don’t know, we didn’t like farming. It was so hot from sunup to sundown. No, that was not for me. Mill work was better. It had to be. Once we went to work in the mill after we moved here from the farm, we had more clothes and more kinds of food than we did when we was a farmin’. And we had a better house. So yes, when we came to the mill life was easier (Rivoli, 2009, p. 110). Thus began urbanization which continues to this day, with 50% of the global population residing in urban centers (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. ). This urbanization is directly coupled with wealth, where the â€Å"more urbanized a country, the higher the individual incomes (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 1)†. The United States, one of the top 20 global incomes per capita (World Bank, 2011, p. 1), supports this, as 82. 1% of the population live in urban centers (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 2). Urbanization trends have been linked to enhanced democracy, technological innovations, economic progress, and higher living standards (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 2). Is it any wonder then that â€Å"[n]o matter the path of economic development a country has chosen, urbanization remains an inevitable outcome of this effort across the world (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 1)†. As the living standards and population densities of urban centers increase, so too do the distance that food needs to be transported. Today, a large urban center, like the greater New York City metropolitan area with a population of over 21 million people (US Census, 2010), has to reach to great distances for its food. This is because 1. acres of arable land are required per person to maintain the diverse diet American’s enjoy (Pimentel Giampietro, 1994). This translates to 25. 2 million acres of arable land being required to feed New York City. Thus 7% of the US population (US Census, 2010) requires 10% of America’s farmland (USDA, 2012, p. 56). It should come as no surprise then that our agriculture imports exceeded $94 billion in 2011 (USDA, 2012, p. 90). The comparative wealth of the American populace, coupled with their culinary desires leads to a demand for imports of produce and other horticultural items during the off seasons in the US. Put another way, Americans’ desire for fresh tomatoes on their Del Taco tacos in February in the American northeast drives global trade to farmers in Central and South America. The motivation of the labor market, to increase quality of life, explains the willingness of individuals to accept factory work and their desire to progress to better, higher paying jobs. Neo-classic economic theory explains business motivation to achieve maximum profitability through efficiency of production (Weintraub, 2002). Efficiency is maximized through three inter-related and adjustable parameters: technology; labor; materials. Technology, as expressed in terms of facilities and equipment, is a fixed cost of production, whereas labor and materials, including transportation expenses, remain variable costs (Starr, 2008). In achieving the optimal balance, any large discrepancy will heavily weight the calculation. For example, the wages for textile workers in southeast Asia are 7% of the wages in United States (Rivoli, 2009, p. 104). This large of a differential in the variable cost makes it virtually impossible to create an equivalent model through enhanced technology, especially when most technology advances can be applied to factories located in the lower labor cost countries. Thus Rivoli’s â€Å"Race to the Bottom† continues (Rivoli, 2009, pp. 92–104), bringing with it industrialization and urbanization. As with any race, there are winners and losers. The countries acquiring the manufacturing jobs and the companies maximizing their profits through relocating manufacturing to the lower labor cost countries are obvious winners. The employees of the factories being off-shored are initially the losers, until the race progresses to the next industrial sector. A clear example of this is the Carolinas, where many textile worker’s jobs have been lost to southeast Asia, now have opportunities for better paying jobs in auto manufacturing. BMW opened a plant in Spartanburg, SC, the middle of the cotton belt, which generates over $1. 2 billion in wages and salaries annually (Ramsey, 2009). Thus the race continues, moving from industry to industry, as total production cost dominates companies’ decisions on where to locate manufacturing. However, many of those losing their jobs in America raise the cry to stop globalization, reconstitute local manufacturing and local food markets. This would not appear to be a feasible alternative for three reasons. First, the degree of urbanization present in the United States makes it unreasonable to expect food to be produced locally. Similarly, the relative wealth and current lifestyle lead many to expect and demand fresh produce year round. Together, these preclude a shift to locally grown and produced foods. Second, most companies in America today have some aspect of globalization present in their value chain. This can be upstream in their suppliers of materials and/or equipment or downstream in their customers. This is readily apparent in large corporations, such as Nike and WalMart, but it is also present in smaller companies. Rygaard Logging, Inc. out of Port Angeles, Washington is a good example. This small company relies on equipment imported from South Korea and Germany to harvest logs. China has become the largest buyer for timber from the northwest, thus becoming an attractive customer for Rygaard (Springer, 2011). Unwinding these value chains to bring manufacturing back to America may be possible, but would require the will of politicians in Washington to face the public backlash as prices increased, and selections decreased (Rivoli, 2009). Third, the growing population requires more land be utilized for their living and working environment. Current estimates show each person in the US consumes one acre for housing, work facilities, and supporting infrastructure (World Bank, 2011). Further, the current population growth is over 50,000 new people per week (Pimentel Giampietro, 1994), meaning that over 2. 5 million acres of arable land or bio-diverse forest land is lost annually, increasing the pressure on food production. Plus, these people are generally employed by firms that rely on globalization in their value chain, as described above. Together, these factors make it highly improbable that the US can return to 100% locally produced foods and companies whose value chain resides 100% within America’s boarders without significant changes in lifestyle.